Alpine linux установить deb пакет

Как установить локальный .deb пакет

Что такое файлы .deb

Файлы с расширением .deb — это установочные пакеты для Debian и производных дистрибутивов, для таких, как Linux Mint, Kali Linux, Ubuntu.

Типичный способ установки пакета из файла DEB:

С помощью этих команд устанавливаются пакеты из стандартных репозиториев — это самый надёжный способ в том плане, что для устанавливаемого пакету будут установлены зависимости и в будущем этот пакет будет обновляться вместе с другими программами в системе. То есть установка из стандартных репозиториев является приоритетной.

Установка скаченных .deb

Иногда может потребоваться установка локальных .deb, то есть файлов не из репозиториев. Примеры, когда потребовалась такая установка:

• Как установить Viber на Linux (необходимо отредактировать пакет Viber, иначе его установки приведёт к проблемам к использованию менеджеров пакетов)
• Как установить Java (JDK) в Windows и Linux (Oracle JDK отсутствует в стандартных репозиториях)

Установка без учёта зависимостей

Следующая команда установит пакет без проверки зависимостей:

При выполнении операции менеджером пакетов, например, обновление кэша:

может возникнуть сообщение об отсутствующих зависимостях, исправить это можно командой:

Установка DEB файла с помощью apt

Программа apt также умеет устанавливать пакеты из указанных файлов, при этом одновременно будут установлены необходимые зависимости для этого пакета:

Установка пакетов с помощью gdebi

Вы можете установить программу gdebi:

И затем устанавливать пакеты с помощью неё:

gdebi также установит необходимые зависимости. На самом деле, gdebi появилась когда apt-get не могла устанавливать локальные файлы (или эта возможность не была документирована), сейчас же вместо gdebi можно использовать apt, которая предустановлена в каждом дистрибутиве, основанном на Debian.

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Как установить .apk в Alpine Linux, как .deb в Debian, используя dpkg

Мой вопрос в заголовке. Проблема:

Сравнение с другими дистрибутивами не говорит об установке локального .deb в Debian или того, что эквивалентно Gentoo или Alpine Linux .apk. Плюс команда apk add жалуется на неудовлетворительные зависимости для мира, когда я хочу установить его из загруженного файла .apk, и она не говорит, что не так, просто:

Простой более или менее очевидный поиск, например, как how to install apk on alpine linux возвращает что-то странное или Android, что делает Alpine Linux похожим на то, что его вообще не существует — или — не поддерживает установку загруженного пакета, например Вы можете сделать это в Debian с помощью dpkg.

2 ответа 2

Допустим, вы пытаетесь установить glibc в Alpine

Загрузите пакеты в ваш текущий каталог

Затем используйте apk с —allow-untrusted

И закончите установку (требуется только в этом примере)

Поскольку Alpine Linux предназначен для работы из ОЗУ, управление пакетами включает два этапа:

1. Установка / Обновление / Удаление пакетов в работающей системе
2. Восстановление системы до предварительно настроенного состояния (например, после перезагрузки), включая все ранее установленные пакеты и локально измененные файлы конфигурации. (Только для оперативной памяти)

apk — это инструмент, используемый для установки, обновления или удаления программного обеспечения в работающей системе.
lbu — это инструмент, используемый для сбора данных, необходимых для восстановления системы до предварительно настроенного состояния.

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Alpine Linux package management

Contents

Because Alpine Linux is designed to run from RAM, package management involves two phases:

• Installing / Upgrading / Deleting packages on a running system.
• Restoring a system to a previously configured state (e.g. after reboot), including all previously installed packages and locally modified configuration files. (RAM-Based Installs Only)

apk is the tool used to install, upgrade, or delete software on a running system.
lbu is the tool used to capture the data necessary to restore a system to a previously configured state.

This page documents the apk tool — See the Alpine Local Backup page for the lbu tool.

Overview

The apk tool supports the following operations:

add	Add new packages or upgrade packages to the running system
del	Delete packages from the running system
fix	Attempt to repair or upgrade an installed package
update	Update the index of available packages
info	Prints information about installed or available packages
search	Search for packages or descriptions with wildcard patterns
upgrade	Upgrade the currently installed packages
cache	Maintenance operations for locally cached package repository
version	Compare version differences between installed and available packages
index	create a repository index from a list of packages
fetch	download (but not install) packages
audit	List changes to the file system from pristine package install state
verify	Verify a package signature
dot	Create a graphviz graph description for a given package
policy	Display the repository that updates a given package, plus repositories that also offer the package
stats	Display statistics, including number of packages installed and available, number of directories and files, etc.
manifest	Display checksums for files contained in a given package

Packages and Repositories

Software packages for Alpine Linux are digitally signed tar.gz archives containing programs, configuration files, and dependency metadata. They have the extension .apk , and are often called «a-packs».

The packages are stored in one or more repositories. A repository is simply a directory with a collection of *.apk files. The directory must include a special index file, named APKINDEX.tar.gz to be considered a repository.

The apk utility can install packages from multiple repositories. The list of repositories to check is stored in /etc/apk/repositories , one repository per line. If you booted from a USB stick ( /media/sda1 ) or CD-ROM ( /media/cdrom ), your repository file probably looks something like this:

Contents of /etc/apk/repositories

In addition to local repositories, the apk utility uses busybox wget to fetch packages using http:, https: or ftp: protocols. The following is a valid repository file:

Contents of /etc/apk/repositories

Repository pinning

You can specify additional «tagged» repositories in /etc/apk/repositories :

Contents of /etc/apk/repositories

After which you can «pin» dependencies to these tags using:

apk add stableapp newapp@edge bleedingapp@testing

Apk will now by default only use the untagged repositories, but adding a tag to specific package:

1. will prefer the repository with that tag for the named package, even if a later version of the package is available in another repository

2. allows pulling in dependencies for the tagged package from the tagged repository (though it prefers to use untagged repositories to satisfy dependencies if possible)

Commandline repository options

By default, the apk utility will use the system repositories for all operations. This behavior can be overridden by the following options:

—repositories-file REPOFILE	Override the system repositories by specifying a repositories file.
-X|—repository REPO	Specify a supplemental repository that will be used in addition to the system repositories. This option can be provided multiple times.

Update the Package list

Remote repositories change as packages are added and upgraded. To get the latest list of available packages, use the update command. The command downloads the APKINDEX.tar.gz from each repository and stores it in the local cache, typically /var/cache/apk/ , /var/lib/apk/ or /etc/apk/cache/ .

Adding the —update-cache , or for short -U switch to another apk command, as in apk —update-cache upgrade or apk -U add . , the command has the same effect as first running apk update before the other apk command.

Add a Package

Use add to install packages from a repository. Any necessary dependencies are also installed. If you have multiple repositories, the add command installs the newest package.

apk add openssh apk add openssh openntp vim

If you only have the main repository enabled in your configuration, apk will not include packages from the other repositories. To install a package from the edge/testing repository without changing your repository configuration file, use the command below. This will tell apk to use that particular repository.

Add a local Package

To install a locally available apk package, for example if this device has no internet access but you can upload apk packages directly to it, use the —allow-untrusted flag:

apk add —allow-untrusted /path/to/file.apk

Note that multiple packages can be given. When installing a local package, all dependencies should also be specified. For example:

apk add —allow-untrusted /var/tig-2.2-r0.apk /var/git-2.11.1-20.apk

Remove a Package

Use del to remove a package (and dependencies that are no longer needed.)

apk del openssh apk del openssh openntp vim

Upgrade a Running System

Packages in general

To get the latest security upgrades and bugfixes available for the installed packages of a running system, first update the list of available packages and then upgrade the installed packages:

apk update apk upgrade

Or, combining the same into one single command:

Here is an example, showing the procedure on a system that has several additional repositories pinned:

To upgrade only specific packages, use the -u or —upgrade option of the add command:

apk update apk add —upgrade busybox

To enable unattended, automatic upgrades of packages, see the apk-autoupdate package.

To upgrade to a newer release, refer to the corresponding release notes and Upgrading_Alpine.

Upgrading «diskless» and «data» disk mode installs

If booting a «diskless» system from a read-only device, or iso image on writable media, it’s not possible to update the boot files (kernel, modules, firmware, . ) that reside on that device.

It becomes possible to update the boot files, though, if using a boot device that is writable and has been prepared with setup-bootable .

However, even then, the kernel, with its modules and firmware files, can still not be updated directly through regular packages updates. Instead, there is the update-kernel script that can generate initfs images and install them together with upgraded kernels.

Upgrading can be done as follows.

apk add mkinitfs

This package is required for the generation of the initial filesystem used during boot.

• Additional initfs features that are missing in the default configuration, like the «btrfs» filesystem support (at the time of writing, to allow loading .apkovl configs and package cache during boot), may be enabled in /etc/mkinitfs/mkinitfs.conf .
• Available initfs features may be listed with ls /etc/mkinitfs/features.d

ls /etc/mkinitfs/features.d apk add nano nano /etc/mkinitfs/mkinitfs.conf lbu commit

Finally update the kernel and its boot environment.

• An update-kernel run needs at least 8 GB free ram memory to avoid a broken modloop-image.
• See update-kernel —help for options to manually add additional module or firmware packages.

Search for Packages

The search command searches the repository Index files for installable packages.

The return format is Package—Version. Omit Version for apk add Package

To list all packages available, along with their descriptions:

To list all packages are part of the ACF system:

apk search -v ‘acf*’

To list all packages that list NTP as part of their description, use the -d or —description option:

apk search -v —description ‘NTP’

Information on Packages

apk info

The info command provides information on the contents of packages, their dependencies, and which files belong to a package.

For a given package, each element can be chosen (for example, -w to show just the webpage information), or all information displayed with the -a command.

apk info -a zlib

As shown in the example you can determine

• The description of the package (-d or —description)
• The webpage where the application is hosted (-w or —webpage)
• The size the package will require once installed (in bytes) (-s or —size)
• What packages are required to use this one (depends) (-R or —depends)
• What packages require this one to be installed (required by) (-r or —rdepends)
• The contents of the package, that is, which files it installs (-L or —contents)
• Any triggers this package sets. (-t or —triggers) Listed here are directories that are watched; if a change happens to the directory, then the trigger script is run at the end of the apk add/delete. For example, doing a depmod once after installing all packages that add kernel modules.

apk info —who-owns /sbin/lbu

Listing installed packages

To list all installed packages, use:

To list all installed packages in alphabetical order, with a description of each, do:

apk policy

To display the repository a package was installed from and will be updated from, plus any tagged or enabled repositories where it is also offered, if any, for this architecture — its policy:

Additional apk Commands

Local Cache

Overview

To have the packages available during boot, apk can keep a cache of installed packages on a local disk.

Added packages can then be automatically (re-)installed from local media into RAM when booting, without requiring, and even before there is a network connection.

The cache can be stored on any writable media, or at the same location as the .apkovl file from the local backup utility lbu .

Enabling Local Cache with current releases

Execute the script

and it will assist in enabling a local cache.

The script creates a symlink named /etc/apk/cache that points to the cache directory.

Cache maintenance

Removing older packages

When newer packages are added to the cache over time, the older versions of the packages default to remain in the cache directory.

The older versions of packages can be removed with the clean command.

apk cache clean

Or to see what is deleted include the verbose switch:

apk -v cache clean

Download missing packages

If you accidentally delete packages from the cache directory, you can make sure they are there with the download command,

apk cache download

Delete and download in one step

You can combine the two steps into one with the sync command — this cleans out old packages and downloads missing packages.

apk cache -v sync

Automatically Cleaning Cache on Reboot

To automatically attempt to validate your cache on reboot, you can add the above command to a /etc/local.d/*.stop file:

Contents of /etc/local.d/cache.stop

Special Caching Configurations

Enabling Local Cache on HDD installs

Note that HDD ‘sys’ installs don’t need an apk cache to maintain their state, it allows to serve packages over the network, though, e.g. to get installed by other local machines.

Manually create a cache dir and then symlink it to /etc/apk/cache:

mkdir -p /var/cache/apk ln -s /var/cache/apk /etc/apk/cache

Local Cache on tmpfs volumes

In some circumstances it might be useful to have the cache reside on tmpfs, for example if you only wish for it to last as long as the system is up.

NOTE: apk is coded to ignore tmpfs caches, and this is correct behaviour in most instances. Using tmpfs as a package cache can consume large amounts of system memory if you install a lot of packages, possibly resulting in a crashed system. You can limit this by restricting the size of your cache to a small number (128M in the example below).

To do it, you need to create an image inside which your cache can live. We do this by creating an image file, formatting it with ext2, and mounting it at /etc/apk/cache.

• apk add e2fsprogs
• dd if=/dev/zero of=/apkcache.img bs=1M count=128
• mkfs.ext2 -F /apkcache.img
• mkdir -p /etc/apk/cache
• mount -t ext2 /apkcache.img /etc/apk/cache
• apk update

As usual, if you want to download currently installed packages into the cache, use apk cache sync.

Manually Enabling Local Cache (required for releases prior to v2.3)

1. Create a cache directory on the storage device where you keep the lbu backups (typically, /dev/sda1 .)

mount -o remount,rw /media/sda1

and then don’t forget to run

mount -o remount,ro /media/sda1

when you are done with the following commands

1. Create a symlink to this directory from /etc/apk/cache .

ln -s /media/sda1/cache /etc/apk/cache

Run an lbu commit to save the change ( /etc/apk/cache is in /etc and is automatically backed up.)

mount -o remount,ro /media/sda1

now that you are done with saving the changes

Now whenever you run an apk command that pulls a new package from a remote repository, the package is stored on your local media. On startup, Alpine Linux will check the local cache for new packages, and will install them if available.

Advanced APK Usage

Holding a specific package back

In certain cases, you may want to upgrade a system, but keep a specific package at a back level. It is possible to add «sticky» or versioned dependencies. For instance, to hold the asterisk package to the 1.6.2 level or lower:

apk add asterisk=1.6.0.21-r0

apk add ‘asterisk 1.6.1’

will ensure that 1.6.1 is the minimum version used.

You can also use «fuzzy» version matching to pin the version to a major/minor release. For example:

apk add ‘asterisk=

will match any version of asterisk that starts with 1.6 (such as 1.6.0.21-r0 or 1.6.9.31-r9) Alpine source commit message

If you desire deterministic, repeatable package installation (such as with containerized environments) via package pinning, it is important to understand your package repo’s version retention rules. For example, most Alpine package repos contain an «edge» branch, which may drop package versions that are not deemed fit to make it into a stable branch. This means that pinning to a version on the edge branch may stop working after the package version is revoked from the repo. Always pin to a package version that is intended for your current Alpine Linux version.

Troubleshooting

«apk-tools is old»

apk update, apk upgrade or apk add may report the following:

This may happen if you are running Alpine Linux stable version with a certain edge/main, edge/community or testing package(s) also installed. One resolution is to consider upgrading apk-tools . If edge is already tagged in your repositories, then try:

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