Changes to linux kernel

How to Install the Latest Mainline Linux Kernel Version in Ubuntu [GUI and Terminal Methods]

Last updated October 29, 2020 By Abhishek Prakash 54 Comments

This article shows you how to upgrade to the latest Linux kernel in Ubuntu. There are two methods discussed. One is manually installing new kernel and the other uses a GUI tool providing even easier way.

I am assuming that you already know what is Linux kernel. This is the core software that drives any Linux distribution. This is what Linus Torvalds created around 30 years ago and this is what he still works on.

A newer version of Linux kernel is released every few months with new features (such as support for more hardware), bug fixes etc.

But most Linux distribution does not provide the latest Linux kernel unless you are using an Arch-based distribution or some other rolling release distribution.

Linux distributions are responsible for your system’s stability and this is why they don’t release a newer version of Linux Kernel to its users unless they test it for regression on their end. They often use a specific kernel release as base and provide you updates on this base kernel, instead of giving you the latest mainline kernel.

This does not mean that you cannot use the latest Linux kernel in Ubuntu or other distribution you are using.

In this tutorial, I’ll discuss various ways to get a new Linux kernel on Ubuntu.

Using the latest Linux kernel version in Ubuntu: Things you should know

In my opinion, there is no ‘real’ need of upgrading to a newer Linux kernel unless it provides you a good enough reason.

Why install a new Linux kernel version manually?

What could be such a reason? Well, suppose the new Linux kernel introduces support for your sound card or Wi-Fi card or some other hardware component. You read some official forum that the problem you are having with the hardware component could be fixed with a newer Linux kernel version.

HWE kernel option is also available

You should also keep in mind that Ubuntu has this hardware stack enablement (HWE) feature that lets you use somewhat newer Linux kernel on an Ubuntu LTS release.

Older kernels remain available

Another thing to note here is that installing a new kernel doesn’t mean that the older kernel has been removed from the system. It remains at your disposal. By default, Ubuntu boots into the newest Linux Kernel installed on the system.

Two ways of installing new kernel in Ubuntu: Command line and GUI

There are two ways to install newer Linux kernel:

The GUI tool Ukuu is not open source anymore and it locks a few feature which I have discussed in its section.

Let’s see the methods.

Method 1: Manually install new Linux kernel in Ubuntu using command line

The latest Linux kernel is called mainline Linux kernel. You’ll see this term used often.

I must warn you that you should be aware of the risk. If something goes wrong, you may revert to a previous Kernel version but you must not panic. Make a backup of Ubuntu system to be sure. If you are easily baffled with troubleshooting, avoid playing with manual upgrades and stick to your distribution’s system updates.

Step 1: Check current installed version

You may want to first check current installed version of kernel. You can do this by using the uname command in the terminal:

As you can see in output below, I have kernel version 5.4 installed.

Step 2: Download the mainline Linux kernel of your choice

Now you have to download the desired kernel build provided Ubuntu from here.

You can see kernel list like this. I am going to download kernel 5.7. You also should keep in mind to install the stable kernel instead of rc (release candidate).

Now download appropriate kernel files for your architecture. For 64 bit architecture, you should download these kind of files

• linux-headers-VERSION-NUMBER_all.deb
• linux-headers-VERSION-NUMBER_amd64.deb
• linux-image-VERSION-NUMBER_amd64.deb
• linux-modules-VERSION-NUMBER_amd64.deb

Hence I will download these files:

Step 4: Install the downloaded kernel

Now it’s time to install downloaded kernel. First do into the directory where you’ve downloaded kernel and enter following command. Make sure there isn’t any other “.deb” file in that directory other than downloaded kernel files.

sudo dpkg -i *.deb

It will take some time. After installation finished, you will see screen like this.

Step 5: Reboot Ubuntu and enjoy the new Linux kernel.

Now you’ve installed new kernel in Ubuntu successfully, it’s time to reboot the machine. Ubuntu by default boots into the newer kernel version.

After rebooting, check kernel version with same uname -sr command you used earlier. As you can see, it’s updated to 5.7.0.

Rollback the changes and downgrade Linux kernel

If you didn’t like new Linux Kernel or if you discovered issues with it. You can easily downgrade the Kernel. You just have to:

• Boot into an older kernel
• Remove the newer Linux kernel you don’t want

Let’s see how to do that.

When you are booting into your system, on the grub menu, select the Advanced options for Ubuntu.

If you do not see the grub menu, try holding the shift key or use Esc key to bring the grub menu.

In here, you’ll see all the Linux kernels installed on your system. Select an older one. Don’t choose the recovery mode, just go with the normal ones.

Now that you have booted into your good old kernel, we have to remove new kernel.

You can use the apt or dpkg command to remove the installed kernel version. Do you remember the version of new kernel you installed manually? For me it was kernel 5.7. So here’s what I use to delete it.

Change the commands with the version you want to install:

You can see, I have two packages associating with kernel 5.7.0. If I remove the first package it will automatically remove all it’s related dependencies.

Install New Linux Kernel 10

Method 2: Upgrade Linux Kernel in Ubuntu Ukuu GUI tool

You can upgrade Linux kernel on your own in Linux command line. But the kernel upgrade procedure is much easier and more convenient with a GUI tool called Ukuu (Ubuntu Kernel Update Utility).

This GUI tool is developed by Tony George who has provided us with several other useful tools for Ubuntu such as battery monitor for Ubuntu, app backup tool Aptik etc.

You should know that Ukuu of version above 18.9 is now paid and closed source. Version 18.9 is still free and open source.

Paid version contains additional features like:

• Downloading and installing newer kernel versions automatically
• Deleting downloaded packages after install
• Option to stay on same series of a kernel release
• Automatically removing older kernels.
• UI improvements.

If you want the additional features, you can purchase it from developer’s official website. Ukuu free version can still be used for installing and removing kernels, though.

Step 1: Install Ukuu in Ubuntu

You can download the deb files for the old Ukuu version 18.9 which is free to use but not updated lately.

Step 2: Install kernel with Ukuu

Once you have installed Ukuu, start it. It will refresh the list of available Linux kernels available for Ubuntu.

By default, it will show you all the available kernels, including the unstable release kernel (tagged with RC and with red Tux icon).

Kernel versions from the distributions are labeled with the logo and the other versions have just the good old Tux logo.

As you can see I have kernel 5.7.0 installed already, now I will install kernel 5.7.1 using Ukuu.

Again, you should avoid the release candidates. Select the desired Kernel version and click on install to install the newer Linux kernel version.

Of course, it will require admin password for this action. Once you have entered your password, you can see the installation progress in the application itself. Focus on the end result to know if it new Linux kernel was installed successfully or not.

Note: If the installation fails, no need to panic. Nothing will be wrong the system. Just try a different Kernel version and it might work.

You should see something like this when installation finished successfully.

Once installation finishes, you’ll see a very helpful screen that tells you if anything goes wrong with the new Linux kernel, you can always choose to boot into the older kernel from the grub menu.

When you boot into the system next, you’ll be running the Linux kernel you had just installed.

Rollback the changes/Downgrade Linux Kernel with Ukuu

Rollbacking done in two steps:

• Boot into an older kernel
• Remove the newer Linux kernel you don’t want

Let’s see how to do that.

When you are booting into your system, on the grub menu, select the Advanced options for Ubuntu.

Select your old kernel to boot into it.

Once you boot into the system with the older Linux kernel, start Ukuu again. Make sure that you are not deleting the kernel that you are running at present.

Select the newer kernel version which you don’t want anymore and click on Remove.

That’s all you need to do here to downgrade the Linux kernel in Ubuntu.

While we are discussing it, I would like to point out a few more features of Ukuu. Ukuu has settings option that allows you to not display release candidates of kernels in the list. You can also hide Linux kernel versions older than version 4.0.

You can also choose the option to display desktop notifications in case new Linux Kernel are available.

You can also remove Ukuu using apt remove ukuu command.

How do you upgrade Linux kernel?

I hope this tutorial was helpful to show you how to install mainline Linux kernel in Ubuntu.

So, do you often upgrade Linux kernel on your own or do you wait for your distribution to provide the upgrade? How do you do it?

Like what you read? Please share it with others.

Источник

Submitting patches: the essential guide to getting your code into the kernel¶

For a person or company who wishes to submit a change to the Linux kernel, the process can sometimes be daunting if you’re not familiar with “the system.” This text is a collection of suggestions which can greatly increase the chances of your change being accepted.

This document contains a large number of suggestions in a relatively terse format. For detailed information on how the kernel development process works, see Documentation/process . Also, read Documentation/process/submit-checklist.rst for a list of items to check before submitting code. If you are submitting a driver, also read Documentation/process/submitting-drivers.rst ; for device tree binding patches, read Documentation/devicetree/bindings/submitting-patches.txt.

Many of these steps describe the default behavior of the git version control system; if you use git to prepare your patches, you’ll find much of the mechanical work done for you, though you’ll still need to prepare and document a sensible set of patches. In general, use of git will make your life as a kernel developer easier.

0) Obtain a current source tree¶

If you do not have a repository with the current kernel source handy, use git to obtain one. You’ll want to start with the mainline repository, which can be grabbed with:

Note, however, that you may not want to develop against the mainline tree directly. Most subsystem maintainers run their own trees and want to see patches prepared against those trees. See the T: entry for the subsystem in the MAINTAINERS file to find that tree, or simply ask the maintainer if the tree is not listed there.

It is still possible to download kernel releases via tarballs (as described in the next section), but that is the hard way to do kernel development.

1) diff -up В¶

If you must generate your patches by hand, use diff -up or diff -uprN to create patches. Git generates patches in this form by default; if you’re using git , you can skip this section entirely.

All changes to the Linux kernel occur in the form of patches, as generated by diff(1). When creating your patch, make sure to create it in “unified diff” format, as supplied by the -u argument to diff(1). Also, please use the -p argument which shows which C function each change is in — that makes the resultant diff a lot easier to read. Patches should be based in the root kernel source directory, not in any lower subdirectory.

To create a patch for a single file, it is often sufficient to do:

To create a patch for multiple files, you should unpack a “vanilla”, or unmodified kernel source tree, and generate a diff against your own source tree. For example:

dontdiff is a list of files which are generated by the kernel during the build process, and should be ignored in any diff(1)-generated patch.

Make sure your patch does not include any extra files which do not belong in a patch submission. Make sure to review your patch -after- generating it with diff(1), to ensure accuracy.

If your changes produce a lot of deltas, you need to split them into individual patches which modify things in logical stages; see 3) Separate your changes . This will facilitate review by other kernel developers, very important if you want your patch accepted.

If you’re using git , git rebase -i can help you with this process. If you’re not using git , quilt is another popular alternative.

2) Describe your changes¶

Describe your problem. Whether your patch is a one-line bug fix or 5000 lines of a new feature, there must be an underlying problem that motivated you to do this work. Convince the reviewer that there is a problem worth fixing and that it makes sense for them to read past the first paragraph.

Describe user-visible impact. Straight up crashes and lockups are pretty convincing, but not all bugs are that blatant. Even if the problem was spotted during code review, describe the impact you think it can have on users. Keep in mind that the majority of Linux installations run kernels from secondary stable trees or vendor/product-specific trees that cherry-pick only specific patches from upstream, so include anything that could help route your change downstream: provoking circumstances, excerpts from dmesg, crash descriptions, performance regressions, latency spikes, lockups, etc.

Quantify optimizations and trade-offs. If you claim improvements in performance, memory consumption, stack footprint, or binary size, include numbers that back them up. But also describe non-obvious costs. Optimizations usually aren’t free but trade-offs between CPU, memory, and readability; or, when it comes to heuristics, between different workloads. Describe the expected downsides of your optimization so that the reviewer can weigh costs against benefits.

Once the problem is established, describe what you are actually doing about it in technical detail. It’s important to describe the change in plain English for the reviewer to verify that the code is behaving as you intend it to.

The maintainer will thank you if you write your patch description in a form which can be easily pulled into Linux’s source code management system, git , as a “commit log”. See 15) Explicit In-Reply-To headers .

Solve only one problem per patch. If your description starts to get long, that’s a sign that you probably need to split up your patch. See 3) Separate your changes .

When you submit or resubmit a patch or patch series, include the complete patch description and justification for it. Don’t just say that this is version N of the patch (series). Don’t expect the subsystem maintainer to refer back to earlier patch versions or referenced URLs to find the patch description and put that into the patch. I.e., the patch (series) and its description should be self-contained. This benefits both the maintainers and reviewers. Some reviewers probably didn’t even receive earlier versions of the patch.

Describe your changes in imperative mood, e.g. “make xyzzy do frotz” instead of “[This patch] makes xyzzy do frotz” or “[I] changed xyzzy to do frotz”, as if you are giving orders to the codebase to change its behaviour.

If the patch fixes a logged bug entry, refer to that bug entry by number and URL. If the patch follows from a mailing list discussion, give a URL to the mailing list archive; use the https://lkml.kernel.org/ redirector with a Message-Id , to ensure that the links cannot become stale.

However, try to make your explanation understandable without external resources. In addition to giving a URL to a mailing list archive or bug, summarize the relevant points of the discussion that led to the patch as submitted.

If you want to refer to a specific commit, don’t just refer to the SHA-1 ID of the commit. Please also include the oneline summary of the commit, to make it easier for reviewers to know what it is about. Example:

You should also be sure to use at least the first twelve characters of the SHA-1 ID. The kernel repository holds a lot of objects, making collisions with shorter IDs a real possibility. Bear in mind that, even if there is no collision with your six-character ID now, that condition may change five years from now.

If your patch fixes a bug in a specific commit, e.g. you found an issue using git bisect , please use the ‘Fixes:’ tag with the first 12 characters of the SHA-1 ID, and the one line summary. For example:

The following git config settings can be used to add a pretty format for outputting the above style in the git log or git show commands:

3) Separate your changes¶

Separate each logical change into a separate patch.

For example, if your changes include both bug fixes and performance enhancements for a single driver, separate those changes into two or more patches. If your changes include an API update, and a new driver which uses that new API, separate those into two patches.

On the other hand, if you make a single change to numerous files, group those changes into a single patch. Thus a single logical change is contained within a single patch.

The point to remember is that each patch should make an easily understood change that can be verified by reviewers. Each patch should be justifiable on its own merits.

If one patch depends on another patch in order for a change to be complete, that is OK. Simply note “this patch depends on patch X” in your patch description.

When dividing your change into a series of patches, take special care to ensure that the kernel builds and runs properly after each patch in the series. Developers using git bisect to track down a problem can end up splitting your patch series at any point; they will not thank you if you introduce bugs in the middle.

If you cannot condense your patch set into a smaller set of patches, then only post say 15 or so at a time and wait for review and integration.

4) Style-check your changes¶

Check your patch for basic style violations, details of which can be found in Documentation/process/coding-style.rst . Failure to do so simply wastes the reviewers time and will get your patch rejected, probably without even being read.

One significant exception is when moving code from one file to another – in this case you should not modify the moved code at all in the same patch which moves it. This clearly delineates the act of moving the code and your changes. This greatly aids review of the actual differences and allows tools to better track the history of the code itself.

Check your patches with the patch style checker prior to submission (scripts/checkpatch.pl). Note, though, that the style checker should be viewed as a guide, not as a replacement for human judgment. If your code looks better with a violation then its probably best left alone.

The checker reports at three levels:

• ERROR: things that are very likely to be wrong
• WARNING: things requiring careful review
• CHECK: things requiring thought

You should be able to justify all violations that remain in your patch.

5) Select the recipients for your patch¶

You should always copy the appropriate subsystem maintainer(s) on any patch to code that they maintain; look through the MAINTAINERS file and the source code revision history to see who those maintainers are. The script scripts/get_maintainer.pl can be very useful at this step. If you cannot find a maintainer for the subsystem you are working on, Andrew Morton (akpm @ linux-foundation . org) serves as a maintainer of last resort.

You should also normally choose at least one mailing list to receive a copy of your patch set. linux-kernel @ vger . kernel . org functions as a list of last resort, but the volume on that list has caused a number of developers to tune it out. Look in the MAINTAINERS file for a subsystem-specific list; your patch will probably get more attention there. Please do not spam unrelated lists, though.

Many kernel-related lists are hosted on vger.kernel.org; you can find a list of them at http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html. There are kernel-related lists hosted elsewhere as well, though.

Do not send more than 15 patches at once to the vger mailing lists.

Linus Torvalds is the final arbiter of all changes accepted into the Linux kernel. His e-mail address is @ linux-foundation . org>. He gets a lot of e-mail, and, at this point, very few patches go through Linus directly, so typically you should do your best to -avoid- sending him e-mail.

If you have a patch that fixes an exploitable security bug, send that patch to security @ kernel . org. For severe bugs, a short embargo may be considered to allow distributors to get the patch out to users; in such cases, obviously, the patch should not be sent to any public lists.

Patches that fix a severe bug in a released kernel should be directed toward the stable maintainers by putting a line like this:

into the sign-off area of your patch (note, NOT an email recipient). You should also read Documentation/process/stable-kernel-rules.rst in addition to this file.

Note, however, that some subsystem maintainers want to come to their own conclusions on which patches should go to the stable trees. The networking maintainer, in particular, would rather not see individual developers adding lines like the above to their patches.

If changes affect userland-kernel interfaces, please send the MAN-PAGES maintainer (as listed in the MAINTAINERS file) a man-pages patch, or at least a notification of the change, so that some information makes its way into the manual pages. User-space API changes should also be copied to linux-api @ vger . kernel . org.

For small patches you may want to CC the Trivial Patch Monkey trivial @ kernel . org which collects “trivial” patches. Have a look into the MAINTAINERS file for its current manager.

Trivial patches must qualify for one of the following rules:

• Spelling fixes in documentation
• Spelling fixes for errors which could break grep(1)
• Warning fixes (cluttering with useless warnings is bad)
• Compilation fixes (only if they are actually correct)
• Runtime fixes (only if they actually fix things)
• Removing use of deprecated functions/macros
• Contact detail and documentation fixes
• Non-portable code replaced by portable code (even in arch-specific, since people copy, as long as it’s trivial)
• Any fix by the author/maintainer of the file (ie. patch monkey in re-transmission mode)

6) No MIME, no links, no compression, no attachments. Just plain text¶

Linus and other kernel developers need to be able to read and comment on the changes you are submitting. It is important for a kernel developer to be able to “quote” your changes, using standard e-mail tools, so that they may comment on specific portions of your code.

For this reason, all patches should be submitted by e-mail “inline”.

Be wary of your editor’s word-wrap corrupting your patch, if you choose to cut-n-paste your patch.

Do not attach the patch as a MIME attachment, compressed or not. Many popular e-mail applications will not always transmit a MIME attachment as plain text, making it impossible to comment on your code. A MIME attachment also takes Linus a bit more time to process, decreasing the likelihood of your MIME-attached change being accepted.

Exception: If your mailer is mangling patches then someone may ask you to re-send them using MIME.

See Documentation/process/email-clients.rst for hints about configuring your e-mail client so that it sends your patches untouched.

7) E-mail size¶

Large changes are not appropriate for mailing lists, and some maintainers. If your patch, uncompressed, exceeds 300 kB in size, it is preferred that you store your patch on an Internet-accessible server, and provide instead a URL (link) pointing to your patch. But note that if your patch exceeds 300 kB, it almost certainly needs to be broken up anyway.

8) Respond to review comments¶

Your patch will almost certainly get comments from reviewers on ways in which the patch can be improved. You must respond to those comments; ignoring reviewers is a good way to get ignored in return. Review comments or questions that do not lead to a code change should almost certainly bring about a comment or changelog entry so that the next reviewer better understands what is going on.

Be sure to tell the reviewers what changes you are making and to thank them for their time. Code review is a tiring and time-consuming process, and reviewers sometimes get grumpy. Even in that case, though, respond politely and address the problems they have pointed out.

9) Don’t get discouraged — or impatientВ¶

After you have submitted your change, be patient and wait. Reviewers are busy people and may not get to your patch right away.

Once upon a time, patches used to disappear into the void without comment, but the development process works more smoothly than that now. You should receive comments within a week or so; if that does not happen, make sure that you have sent your patches to the right place. Wait for a minimum of one week before resubmitting or pinging reviewers — possibly longer during busy times like merge windows.

10) Include PATCH in the subject¶

Due to high e-mail traffic to Linus, and to linux-kernel, it is common convention to prefix your subject line with [PATCH]. This lets Linus and other kernel developers more easily distinguish patches from other e-mail discussions.

11) Sign your work — the Developer’s Certificate of OriginВ¶

To improve tracking of who did what, especially with patches that can percolate to their final resting place in the kernel through several layers of maintainers, we’ve introduced a “sign-off” procedure on patches that are being emailed around.

The sign-off is a simple line at the end of the explanation for the patch, which certifies that you wrote it or otherwise have the right to pass it on as an open-source patch. The rules are pretty simple: if you can certify the below:

Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1В¶

By making a contribution to this project, I certify that:

1. The contribution was created in whole or in part by me and I have the right to submit it under the open source license indicated in the file; or
2. The contribution is based upon previous work that, to the best of my knowledge, is covered under an appropriate open source license and I have the right under that license to submit that work with modifications, whether created in whole or in part by me, under the same open source license (unless I am permitted to submit under a different license), as indicated in the file; or
3. The contribution was provided directly to me by some other person who certified (a), (b) or (c) and I have not modified it.
4. I understand and agree that this project and the contribution are public and that a record of the contribution (including all personal information I submit with it, including my sign-off) is maintained indefinitely and may be redistributed consistent with this project or the open source license(s) involved.

then you just add a line saying:

using your real name (sorry, no pseudonyms or anonymous contributions.)

Some people also put extra tags at the end. They’ll just be ignored for now, but you can do this to mark internal company procedures or just point out some special detail about the sign-off.

If you are a subsystem or branch maintainer, sometimes you need to slightly modify patches you receive in order to merge them, because the code is not exactly the same in your tree and the submitters’. If you stick strictly to rule (c), you should ask the submitter to rediff, but this is a totally counter-productive waste of time and energy. Rule (b) allows you to adjust the code, but then it is very impolite to change one submitter’s code and make him endorse your bugs. To solve this problem, it is recommended that you add a line between the last Signed-off-by header and yours, indicating the nature of your changes. While there is nothing mandatory about this, it seems like prepending the description with your mail and/or name, all enclosed in square brackets, is noticeable enough to make it obvious that you are responsible for last-minute changes. Example:

This practice is particularly helpful if you maintain a stable branch and want at the same time to credit the author, track changes, merge the fix, and protect the submitter from complaints. Note that under no circumstances can you change the author’s identity (the From header), as it is the one which appears in the changelog.

Special note to back-porters: It seems to be a common and useful practice to insert an indication of the origin of a patch at the top of the commit message (just after the subject line) to facilitate tracking. For instance, here’s what we see in a 3.x-stable release:

And here’s what might appear in an older kernel once a patch is backported:

Whatever the format, this information provides a valuable help to people tracking your trees, and to people trying to troubleshoot bugs in your tree.

12) When to use Acked-by:, Cc:, and Co-Developed-by:В¶

The Signed-off-by: tag indicates that the signer was involved in the development of the patch, or that he/she was in the patch’s delivery path.

If a person was not directly involved in the preparation or handling of a patch but wishes to signify and record their approval of it then they can ask to have an Acked-by: line added to the patch’s changelog.

Acked-by: is often used by the maintainer of the affected code when that maintainer neither contributed to nor forwarded the patch.

Acked-by: is not as formal as Signed-off-by:. It is a record that the acker has at least reviewed the patch and has indicated acceptance. Hence patch mergers will sometimes manually convert an acker’s “yep, looks good to me” into an Acked-by: (but note that it is usually better to ask for an explicit ack).

Acked-by: does not necessarily indicate acknowledgement of the entire patch. For example, if a patch affects multiple subsystems and has an Acked-by: from one subsystem maintainer then this usually indicates acknowledgement of just the part which affects that maintainer’s code. Judgement should be used here. When in doubt people should refer to the original discussion in the mailing list archives.

If a person has had the opportunity to comment on a patch, but has not provided such comments, you may optionally add a Cc: tag to the patch. This is the only tag which might be added without an explicit action by the person it names — but it should indicate that this person was copied on the patch. This tag documents that potentially interested parties have been included in the discussion.

A Co-Developed-by: states that the patch was also created by another developer along with the original author. This is useful at times when multiple people work on a single patch. Note, this person also needs to have a Signed-off-by: line in the patch as well.

13) Using Reported-by:, Tested-by:, Reviewed-by:, Suggested-by: and Fixes:В¶

The Reported-by tag gives credit to people who find bugs and report them and it hopefully inspires them to help us again in the future. Please note that if the bug was reported in private, then ask for permission first before using the Reported-by tag.

A Tested-by: tag indicates that the patch has been successfully tested (in some environment) by the person named. This tag informs maintainers that some testing has been performed, provides a means to locate testers for future patches, and ensures credit for the testers.

Reviewed-by:, instead, indicates that the patch has been reviewed and found acceptable according to the Reviewer’s Statement:

Reviewer’s statement of oversightВ¶

By offering my Reviewed-by: tag, I state that:

1. I have carried out a technical review of this patch to evaluate its appropriateness and readiness for inclusion into the mainline kernel.
2. Any problems, concerns, or questions relating to the patch have been communicated back to the submitter. I am satisfied with the submitter’s response to my comments.
3. While there may be things that could be improved with this submission, I believe that it is, at this time, (1) a worthwhile modification to the kernel, and (2) free of known issues which would argue against its inclusion.
4. While I have reviewed the patch and believe it to be sound, I do not (unless explicitly stated elsewhere) make any warranties or guarantees that it will achieve its stated purpose or function properly in any given situation.

A Reviewed-by tag is a statement of opinion that the patch is an appropriate modification of the kernel without any remaining serious technical issues. Any interested reviewer (who has done the work) can offer a Reviewed-by tag for a patch. This tag serves to give credit to reviewers and to inform maintainers of the degree of review which has been done on the patch. Reviewed-by: tags, when supplied by reviewers known to understand the subject area and to perform thorough reviews, will normally increase the likelihood of your patch getting into the kernel.

A Suggested-by: tag indicates that the patch idea is suggested by the person named and ensures credit to the person for the idea. Please note that this tag should not be added without the reporter’s permission, especially if the idea was not posted in a public forum. That said, if we diligently credit our idea reporters, they will, hopefully, be inspired to help us again in the future.

A Fixes: tag indicates that the patch fixes an issue in a previous commit. It is used to make it easy to determine where a bug originated, which can help review a bug fix. This tag also assists the stable kernel team in determining which stable kernel versions should receive your fix. This is the preferred method for indicating a bug fixed by the patch. See 2) Describe your changes for more details.

14) The canonical patch format¶

This section describes how the patch itself should be formatted. Note that, if you have your patches stored in a git repository, proper patch formatting can be had with git format-patch . The tools cannot create the necessary text, though, so read the instructions below anyway.

The canonical patch subject line is:

The canonical patch message body contains the following:

• A from line specifying the patch author, followed by an empty line (only needed if the person sending the patch is not the author).
• The body of the explanation, line wrapped at 75 columns, which will be copied to the permanent changelog to describe this patch.
• An empty line.
• The Signed-off-by: lines, described above, which will also go in the changelog.
• A marker line containing simply — .
• Any additional comments not suitable for the changelog.
• The actual patch ( diff output).

The Subject line format makes it very easy to sort the emails alphabetically by subject line — pretty much any email reader will support that — since because the sequence number is zero-padded, the numerical and alphabetic sort is the same.

The subsystem in the email’s Subject should identify which area or subsystem of the kernel is being patched.

The summary phrase in the email’s Subject should concisely describe the patch which that email contains. The summary phrase should not be a filename. Do not use the same summary phrase for every patch in a whole patch series (where a patch series is an ordered sequence of multiple, related patches).

Bear in mind that the summary phrase of your email becomes a globally-unique identifier for that patch. It propagates all the way into the git changelog. The summary phrase may later be used in developer discussions which refer to the patch. People will want to google for the summary phrase to read discussion regarding that patch. It will also be the only thing that people may quickly see when, two or three months later, they are going through perhaps thousands of patches using tools such as gitk or git log —oneline .

For these reasons, the summary must be no more than 70-75 characters, and it must describe both what the patch changes, as well as why the patch might be necessary. It is challenging to be both succinct and descriptive, but that is what a well-written summary should do.

The summary phrase may be prefixed by tags enclosed in square brackets: “Subject: [PATCH . ] ”. The tags are not considered part of the summary phrase, but describe how the patch should be treated. Common tags might include a version descriptor if the multiple versions of the patch have been sent out in response to comments (i.e., “v1, v2, v3”), or “RFC” to indicate a request for comments. If there are four patches in a patch series the individual patches may be numbered like this: 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4. This assures that developers understand the order in which the patches should be applied and that they have reviewed or applied all of the patches in the patch series.

A couple of example Subjects:

The from line must be the very first line in the message body, and has the form:

The from line specifies who will be credited as the author of the patch in the permanent changelog. If the from line is missing, then the From: line from the email header will be used to determine the patch author in the changelog.

The explanation body will be committed to the permanent source changelog, so should make sense to a competent reader who has long since forgotten the immediate details of the discussion that might have led to this patch. Including symptoms of the failure which the patch addresses (kernel log messages, oops messages, etc.) is especially useful for people who might be searching the commit logs looking for the applicable patch. If a patch fixes a compile failure, it may not be necessary to include _all_ of the compile failures; just enough that it is likely that someone searching for the patch can find it. As in the summary phrase , it is important to be both succinct as well as descriptive.

The — marker line serves the essential purpose of marking for patch handling tools where the changelog message ends.

One good use for the additional comments after the — marker is for a diffstat , to show what files have changed, and the number of inserted and deleted lines per file. A diffstat is especially useful on bigger patches. Other comments relevant only to the moment or the maintainer, not suitable for the permanent changelog, should also go here. A good example of such comments might be patch changelogs which describe what has changed between the v1 and v2 version of the patch.

If you are going to include a diffstat after the — marker, please use diffstat options -p 1 -w 70 so that filenames are listed from the top of the kernel source tree and don’t use too much horizontal space (easily fit in 80 columns, maybe with some indentation). ( git generates appropriate diffstats by default.)

See more details on the proper patch format in the following references.

15) Explicit In-Reply-To headers¶

It can be helpful to manually add In-Reply-To: headers to a patch (e.g., when using git send-email ) to associate the patch with previous relevant discussion, e.g. to link a bug fix to the email with the bug report. However, for a multi-patch series, it is generally best to avoid using In-Reply-To: to link to older versions of the series. This way multiple versions of the patch don’t become an unmanageable forest of references in email clients. If a link is helpful, you can use the https://lkml.kernel.org/ redirector (e.g., in the cover email text) to link to an earlier version of the patch series.

16) Sending git pull requests¶

If you have a series of patches, it may be most convenient to have the maintainer pull them directly into the subsystem repository with a git pull operation. Note, however, that pulling patches from a developer requires a higher degree of trust than taking patches from a mailing list. As a result, many subsystem maintainers are reluctant to take pull requests, especially from new, unknown developers. If in doubt you can use the pull request as the cover letter for a normal posting of the patch series, giving the maintainer the option of using either.

A pull request should have [GIT] or [PULL] in the subject line. The request itself should include the repository name and the branch of interest on a single line; it should look something like:

A pull request should also include an overall message saying what will be included in the request, a git shortlog listing of the patches themselves, and a diffstat showing the overall effect of the patch series. The easiest way to get all this information together is, of course, to let git do it for you with the git request-pull command.

Some maintainers (including Linus) want to see pull requests from signed commits; that increases their confidence that the request actually came from you. Linus, in particular, will not pull from public hosting sites like GitHub in the absence of a signed tag.

The first step toward creating such tags is to make a GNUPG key and get it signed by one or more core kernel developers. This step can be hard for new developers, but there is no way around it. Attending conferences can be a good way to find developers who can sign your key.

Once you have prepared a patch series in git that you wish to have somebody pull, create a signed tag with git tag -s . This will create a new tag identifying the last commit in the series and containing a signature created with your private key. You will also have the opportunity to add a changelog-style message to the tag; this is an ideal place to describe the effects of the pull request as a whole.

If the tree the maintainer will be pulling from is not the repository you are working from, don’t forget to push the signed tag explicitly to the public tree.

When generating your pull request, use the signed tag as the target. A command like this will do the trick:

References¶

NO. No more huge patch bombs to linux-kernel @ vger . kernel . org people! Kernel Documentation/process/coding-style.rst: Documentation/process/coding-style.rst Linus Torvalds’s mail on the canonical patch format: Andi Kleen, “On submitting kernel patches”

Some strategies to get difficult or controversial changes in.

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