Clickjacking attacks kali linux

Authentication

Trust authentication is to confirm the identity of a person. Its meaning might include a personal identification, an application or a piece of hardware, such as Alex is a validation of government employees, as well as his laptop was issued by a government agency. As penetration testers, obtain the system’s trust by entities that have been granted to bypass security authentication section very useful.

The CISSP authentication by three factors categorized as follows:

• You know, like a PIN or password
• You have, such as smart cards
• Who you are, such as a fingerprint

The most common way is through to confirm the identity of people know the contents, such as passwords. Various methods have been previously to crack the password for a detailed description. Multiple authentication steps when you need access to a range of access through password cracking, but many systems are using a multiple factor authentication, which means that a person identity.

Attack Session Management

Authentication and session management covers all aspects of handling user authentication and management activities. For Web applications, the session is the time users spend on a site. Best practice is based on user and device authentication session is how to manage through authentication (that is, what allows you to access), but also to control what resources can be used, such as how long you can use during the session activities. This makes the authentication process management has become the key to authorization of the session.

Penetration testers goal is to find an account with high privileges allow access to the characteristics of resources and time in Web applications is not limited. This is why you want to create a secure session management features, the main reason for the timeout and SSL certificates such as session. Anyway Kali tool can identify with in the session management vulnerabilities. For example, intercepted an active session to send the user logs requested web application, and then the conversation to another person use. This attack is also called a session fixation attack.

Session management attacks may occur during the process of how to take advantage of vulnerabilities in applications or users to access these applications and authenticate vulnerabilities. A common way attackers Web server is to conduct cross-site scripting attacks or SQL injection attacks. An attacker could also use a session Cookie back to the browser, or web vulnerabilities to achieve similar results.

Clickjacking

Clickjacking is to deceive the user clicks on something other than being a technology they believe something clicked. Clickjacking can be used to display confidential information, such as login credentials can also be used to help hackers to control the victim’s computer. Clickjacking usually embedded code or script unsuspecting victims to expose security vulnerabilities or Web browser. An example of the implementation of clickjacking is a text hyperlink pointing to a hand-trusted site, rather than the real site. Ordinary users will not verify before clicking a hyperlink, or notice with the common intention of clickjacking related changes, which makes clickjacking a very effective form of attack.

Clickjacking dangers may be larger and more complex, not just as simple as modifying the hyperlink general use clickjacking attacker can embed Iframe on the page. Iframe content will contain data obtained from the target site, the weapons usually put legitimate link above, it is difficult to find.

CooKie Web session hijacking

Cookie is a small piece of information sent to fast from the site, stored in the user’s Web browser when the user accesses the site. Cookie site can use to verify that the user is not accessing the site again, and more information can be retrieved before the activities of the user. This information includes how pages are being accessed, how the user is logged in, and what the user clicks the button. Whenever you visit the Web site, such as Facebook, WordPress, the browser will give you assign a Cookie.

Web Tools Session

(1) Firefox plug-in

firefox browser offers a number can be used to steal Cookie injected into the attacker’s browser plug-ins. Some examples include GreaseMonkey, Cookie Manager, Firesheep. These plug-ins based on their use of self-selection can be.

（2）Wireshark

Wireshark is one of the most popular free open source network protocol analyzer. Wireshark in Kali has been installed and is ideal for network troubleshooting and analysis tools. In this section, it is best used as a tool to intercept session token sent from the target is detected. Use GTK + Wireshark combination tool set to realize his user interface to be coated with settlements pcap. He now works very similar to tcpdump command. But its role is inherited graphical interface with sorting and filtering functions.

For wireshark, you can refer to this blogger’s series of self wireshark query need not say any more here.

(3) Hamster, and Ferrt

Hamster is a tool for stealing Cookie hijacked by HTTP session, it uses passive sniffing, also called a bypass hijacking (sidejacking). Hamster will tap the data on the network, all seen crawling session Cookie, Cookie and then steal into GUI browser, so the attacker will be able to play back the session. Use Ferret Hamster to grab a session Cookie.

When starting Hamster, it opens a terminal to start the Hamster services. The default proxy IP address is 127.0.0.1:1234

You can open a browser and point it to http://127.0.0.1:1234 to access the Hamster.

Network data to complete its function must flow through the Hamster. You can choose to click on the link to select the adapter card you want to use. Here we tested the card is eth0

Hamster met redirect you to a page hijackings. You’ll notice that you did not receive any packets. Hamster requires a sniffer to capture network packets. You can be accomplished by Ferret.

Not kali 2018, you need to install their own «apt-get install ferret»

Enter «ferret -i name card» after opening Ferret you want to choose beautiful sniff card. Ferret will tell you are sniffing, the command line prompt will hover in the running. In your view network data, while captured in Ferret network packets will be displayed as text.

When Ferret up and running, you will see your corresponding packet information in the Hamster.

Middle attack

Middle attack is an active form of theft only. In which the attacker will be more victims to establish a connection and transfer information between the victims, so they thought they were talking like each other. Such attacks come in many forms, such as using a wireless router Hak5 of pineapple and masquerading as a trusted network access point, and in fact played an intermediary between the victim and wireless networks. Another example is the use of Kali network to forward data between the victim and the default router, while sniffer useful information, such as login credentials and so on.

Note: Many cloud services such as Facebook and Gmail have to implement secure login via HTTPS, which can prevent the ordinary man in the middle attack. To bypass HTTPS, you can use SSLstrip tool. It displays all the login information for your man in the middle attacks. A very effective way SSLstrip / middle attack combination is steal the victim’s login credentials, if you have a system with the goal of the system is attacking the same network of words.

dsniff and arpspoof

dsniff is a password sniffing and network data analysis tools for different application protocol parsing and extract the relevant information. arpspoof to help the attacker sends forged to the local network ARP (ARP) messages. The purpose of this is the IP address of the MAC address and other hosts want to associate the attacker, so that the data will be sent to the network IP address are sent to the attack value.

The method of one man in the middle attack is to Arpspoof and dsniff used between systems.

The first step is to find the IP address of the default gateway and the network of victims. Once you’ve identified the IP address, you really need to tell you is another victim of the system or the default gateway. For example, if the IP address A victim is 192.168.11.4, default gateway address is 192.168.11.1, the attacker’s address is 192.168.11.145, you should use the arpspoof command ip 145 address that you provided looks like the victims and default gateway.

Ettercap

Ettercap is a free open-source comprehensive suite of tools based on the way the man in the middle attack.

Ettercap can be used for computer network protocol analysis and security audit, it features a link to sniffing activity, content filtering, and support for active and passive parsing of multiple protocols. Ettercap by card attacker to faint as well as the mode of the victim’s machine to perform ARP pollution work.

Specific use, do not do more than the here presented.

Other tools

More than other tools do not introduced, you can use the prompts self-description!

Источник

linux-notes.org

Что такое ClickJacking?

ClickJacking — это один из типов атак на сайты. ClickJacking переводится «кража клика». Суть этой атаки заключается в том, что некоторый юзер, который совершает нажатие (делает клик по ссылке) на определенную область ( та которая была сформирована ранее злоумышленником), то на самом деле нажимает на ссылку другого сайта. Часто всего — это используется для накрутки ретвитов или лайков.

Как это работает?

Принцип атаки заключается в возможности загружать атакуемый сайт в фрейм.

События могут развиваться:

• Фрейм атакуемого сайта делается прозрачным.
• Фрейм атакующего сайта (прозрачный) накладывается на привычный пользователю сайт.

Какие сайты подвержены ClickJacking-у?

Сайты которые дают возможность загружать страницы своих ресурсов во фреймы, которые находятся на других доменных именах. Чтобы загружать страницы (документы) в фреймы с других сайтов служит заголовок X-Frame-Options.

Данный заголовок имеет 4 состояния ( опций):

1. DENY он блокирует загрузку сайта во фрейм.
2. SAMEORIGIN дает возможность загружать домен на уровне одного сайта.
3. ALLOW-FROM your_domain дает возможность загружать домен в iframe определенного домена.
4. ALLOW-ALL значение по умолчанию что дает возможность атаки..

Защита от ClickJacking в Apache

Чтобы обеспечить защиту от ClickJacking в http(d)/Apache, нужно добавить заголовок в .htaccess файл.

У заголовка X-Frame-Options:ALLOW-ALL имеется 2 стабильных варианта:

И так, если вы хотите запретить загрузку домена во фреймы ( которые могут быть на других сайтах), то стоит прописать:

Если хотите чтобы домен не был загружен в iframe даже на вашем сайте, используйте вторую строку ( вариант с DENY):

Защита от ClickJacking в Nginx

Для nginx похожие настройки как и для apache. Открываем ваш nginx конфигурационный файл и прописываем:

PS: Данную опию нужно вставить после «server»:

Проверка на ClickJacking

В своем терминале можно выполнить команду:

Вот и все! Защита от ClickJacking выполнена.

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Clickjacking (UI redressing)

In this section we will explain what clickjacking is, describe common examples of clickjacking attacks and discuss how to protect against these attacks.

What is clickjacking?

Clickjacking is an interface-based attack in which a user is tricked into clicking on actionable content on a hidden website by clicking on some other content in a decoy website. Consider the following example:

A web user accesses a decoy website (perhaps this is a link provided by an email) and clicks on a button to win a prize. Unknowingly, they have been deceived by an attacker into pressing an alternative hidden button and this results in the payment of an account on another site. This is an example of a clickjacking attack. The technique depends upon the incorporation of an invisible, actionable web page (or multiple pages) containing a button or hidden link, say, within an iframe. The iframe is overlaid on top of the user’s anticipated decoy web page content. This attack differs from a CSRF attack in that the user is required to perform an action such as a button click whereas a CSRF attack depends upon forging an entire request without the user’s knowledge or input.

Protection against CSRF attacks is often provided by the use of a CSRF token: a session-specific, single-use number or nonce. Clickjacking attacks are not mitigated by the CSRF token as a target session is established with content loaded from an authentic website and with all requests happening on-domain. CSRF tokens are placed into requests and passed to the server as part of a normally behaved session. The difference compared to a normal user session is that the process occurs within a hidden iframe.

How to construct a basic clickjacking attack

Clickjacking attacks use CSS to create and manipulate layers. The attacker incorporates the target website as an iframe layer overlaid on the decoy website. An example using the style tag and parameters is as follows:

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Clickjacking

Clickjacking, also known as a “UI redress attack”, is when an attacker uses multiple transparent or opaque layers to trick a user into clicking on a button or link on another page when they were intending to click on the top level page. Thus, the attacker is “hijacking” clicks meant for their page and routing them to another page, most likely owned by another application, domain, or both.

Using a similar technique, keystrokes can also be hijacked. With a carefully crafted combination of stylesheets, iframes, and text boxes, a user can be led to believe they are typing in the password to their email or bank account, but are instead typing into an invisible frame controlled by the attacker.

Examples

For example, imagine an attacker who builds a web site that has a button on it that says “click here for a free iPod”. However, on top of that web page, the attacker has loaded an iframe with your mail account, and lined up exactly the “delete all messages” button directly on top of the “free iPod” button. The victim tries to click on the “free iPod” button but instead actually clicked on the invisible “delete all messages” button. In essence, the attacker has “hijacked” the user’s click, hence the name “Clickjacking”.

One of the most notorious examples of Clickjacking was an attack against the Adobe Flash plugin settings page. By loading this page into an invisible iframe, an attacker could trick a user into altering the security settings of Flash, giving permission for any Flash animation to utilize the computer’s microphone and camera.

Clickjacking also made the news in the form of a Twitter worm. This clickjacking attack convinced users to click on a button which caused them to re-tweet the location of the malicious page, and propagated massively.

Defending against Clickjacking

There are two main ways to prevent clickjacking:

1. Sending the proper Content Security Policy (CSP) frame-ancestors directive response headers that instruct the browser to not allow framing from other domains. (This replaces the older X-Frame-Options HTTP headers.)
2. Employing defensive code in the UI to ensure that the current frame is the most top level window

For more information on Clickjacking defense, please see the the Clickjacking Defense Cheat Sheet.

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