Creating file systems in linux

Creating File Systems In Linux With mkfs

File systems are the main component of operating systems. File systems provide the required infrastructure for holding data permanently operating system level. Linux supports diverse types of file systems. We will look at how to create major file systems on partitions. The standard tool for Linux to create an operating system is mkfs.

Create Ext4 File System

The ext4 file system is the most popular file system of the Linux world. This file system is used most of the Linux distributions. Ext4 is also the latest version of the Ext file system. The general performance of Ext4 is very good. Also, this file system supports a lot of features for enterprise requirements. Now let’s create an Ext4 file system with the following command. Creating a file system requires root privileges so we use sudo command. In this example, we will create a file system on /dev/vdb1

Create Ext4 File System

Create Ext3 File System

Ext3 is the previous version of the Ext4 and some older all ready installed systems use this file system. Also, Ext3 is more compatible with different devices and applications. This file system used for boots partition.

Create Ext3 File System

Create Btrfs File System

Butterfs or simply btrfs is a new generation file system designed from scratch. It has unique features other Linux file systems like ext4 do not have. The following command will create btrfs file system. We use also -f to create a file system forcibly because if it is all ready a file system in the partition btrfs partition will not be created.

Create Btrfs File System

Create Xfs File System

Xfs is a standard file system used by RedHat 7 and CentOS 7. Xfs is the alternative of next-generation filesystems like Btrfs. Xfs is an enterprise-level file system supported by RedHat.

Create Xfs File System

Create NTFS File System

NTFS is a Windows default file system that is used by a lot of computers and servers. The NTFS file system provides similar features to the Btrfs. NTFS usage starts by default with Windows XP.

Create NTFS File System

Create FAT File System

FAT is the Windows world file system and used mostly before the NTFS file system. FAT is very famous with different devices like a camera, Tv, etc. Those generally support FAT.

Create FAT File System

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How to Create a New Ext4 File System (Partition) in Linux

The ext4 or fourth extended filesystem is a widely-used journaling file system for Linux. It was designed as a progressive revision of the ext3 file system and overcomes a number of limitations in ext3.

It has significant advantages over its predecessor such as improved design, better performance, reliability, and new features. Although it is best suited for hard drives, it can also be used on removable devices.

This article will show you how to create a new ext4 file system (partition) in Linux. We will first of all look at how to create a new partition in Linux, format it with the ext4 file system and mount it.

Note: For the purpose of this article:

• We will assume that you have added a new hard drive to your Linux machine, in which you will create the new ext4 partition, and
• If you are operating the system as an administrative user, use the sudo command to gain root privileges to run the commands shown in this article.

Creating a New Partition in Linux

List the partitions using the fdisk -l or parted -l commands to identify the hard drive you want to partition.

List Linux Partitions

Looking at the output in the screenshot above, we have two hard disks added on the test system and we will partition disk /dev/sdb .

Now use parted command to start creating the partition on the selected storage device.

Then create a partition using the mkpart command, give it additional parameters like “primary” or “logical” depending on the partition type that you wish to create. Then select ext4 as the file system type, set the start and end to establish the size of the partition:

Create a New Ext4 Partition

To print the partition table on the device /dev/sdb or detailed information about the new partition, run the print command.

Print Partition Table

Now exit the program using the quit command.

Formatting New Ext4 Partition

Next, you need to properly format the new partition with the ext4 file system type using the mkfs.ext4 or mke4fs command as follows.

Format a New Ext4 Partition

Then label the partition using the e4label command as follows.

Mounting New Ext4 Parition in File System

Next, create a mount point and mount the newly created ext4 partition file system.

Now using the df command, you can list all file systems on your system together with their sizes in a human readable format (-h) , and their mount points and file system types (-T) :

Show Linux Filesystem with Mount Points

Lastly, add the following entry in your /etc/fstab to enable persistent mounting of the file system, even after a reboot.

You might also like to read these following related articles:

That’s all! In this article, we’ve explained how to create a new partition in Linux, format it with ext4 file system type and mount it as a filesystem. For more information or to share any queries with us, use the feedback form below.

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File systems

In computing, a file system or filesystem controls how data is stored and retrieved. Without a file system, information placed in a storage medium would be one large body of data with no way to tell where one piece of information stops and the next begins. By separating the data into pieces and giving each piece a name, the information is easily isolated and identified. Taking its name from the way paper-based information systems are named, each group of data is called a «file». The structure and logic rules used to manage the groups of information and their names is called a «file system».

Individual drive partitions can be setup using one of the many different available filesystems. Each has its own advantages, disadvantages, and unique idiosyncrasies. A brief overview of supported filesystems follows; the links are to Wikipedia pages that provide much more information.

Contents

Types of file systems

The factual accuracy of this article or section is disputed.

See filesystems(5) for a general overview and Wikipedia:Comparison of file systems for a detailed feature comparison. File systems supported by the kernel are listed in /proc/filesystems .

In-tree and FUSE file systems

File system	Creation command	Userspace utilities	Archiso [1]	Kernel documentation [2]	Notes
Btrfs	mkfs.btrfs(8)	btrfs-progs	Yes	btrfs.html	Stability status
VFAT	mkfs.fat(8)	dosfstools	Yes	vfat.html	Windows 9x file system
exFAT	mkfs.exfat(8)	exfatprogs	Yes	Native file system in Linux 5.4. [3]
	mkexfatfs(8)	exfat-utils	No	N/A (FUSE-based)
F2FS	mkfs.f2fs(8)	f2fs-tools	Yes	f2fs.html	Flash-based devices
ext3	mkfs.ext3(8)	e2fsprogs	Yes	ext3.html
ext4	mkfs.ext4(8)	e2fsprogs	Yes	ext4.html
HFS	mkfs.hfsplus(8)	hfsprogs AUR	No	hfs.html	Classic Mac OS file system
HFS+	mkfs.hfsplus(8)	hfsprogs AUR	No	hfsplus.html	macOS (8–10.12) file system
JFS	mkfs.jfs(8)	jfsutils	Yes	jfs.html
NILFS2	mkfs.nilfs2(8)	nilfs-utils	Yes	nilfs2.html	Raw flash devices, e.g. SD card
NTFS	No	ntfs.html	Windows NT file system. Kernel’s in-built driver has very limited write support. officially supported kernels are built without CONFIG_NTFS_FS so this driver is not available.
	mkfs.ntfs(8)	ntfs-3g	Yes	N/A (FUSE-based)	FUSE driver with extended capabilities.
ReiserFS	mkfs.reiserfs(8)	reiserfsprogs	Yes
UDF	mkfs.udf(8)	udftools	Yes	udf.html
XFS	mkfs.xfs(8)	xfsprogs	Yes

Out-of-tree file systems

File system	Creation command	Kernel patchset	Userspace utilities	Notes
APFS	mkapfs(8)	linux-apfs-rw-dkms-git AUR	apfsprogs-git AUR	macOS (10.13 and newer) file system. Read only, experimental.
Bcachefs	bcachefs(8)	linux-bcachefs-git AUR	bcachefs-tools-git AUR
NTFS3	ntfs3-dkms AUR	Paragon NTFS3 driver FAQ
Reiser4	mkfs.reiser4(8)	reiser4progs AUR
ZFS	zfs-linux AUR , zfs-dkms AUR	zfs-utils AUR	OpenZFS port

Journaling

All the above filesystems with the exception of exFAT, ext2, FAT16/32, Reiser4 (optional), Btrfs and ZFS, use journaling. Journaling provides fault-resilience by logging changes before they are committed to the filesystem. In the event of a system crash or power failure, such file systems are faster to bring back online and less likely to become corrupted. The logging takes place in a dedicated area of the filesystem.

Not all journaling techniques are the same. Ext3 and ext4 offer data-mode journaling, which logs both data and meta-data, as well as possibility to journal only meta-data changes. Data-mode journaling comes with a speed penalty and is not enabled by default. In the same vein, Reiser4 offers so-called «transaction models» which not only change the features it provides, but in its journaling mode. It uses a different journaling techniques: a special model called wandering logs which eliminates the need to write to the disk twice, write-anywhere—a pure copy-on-write approach (mostly equivalent to btrfs’ default but with a fundamentally different «tree» design) and a combined approach called hybrid which heuristically alternates between the two former.

The other filesystems provide ordered-mode journaling, which only logs meta-data. While all journaling will return a filesystem to a valid state after a crash, data-mode journaling offers the greatest protection against corruption and data loss. There is a compromise in system performance, however, because data-mode journaling does two write operations: first to the journal and then to the disk (which Reiser4 avoids with its «wandering logs» feature). The trade-off between system speed and data safety should be considered when choosing the filesystem type. Reiser4 is the only filesystem that by design operates on full atomicity and also provides checksums for both meta-data and inline data (operations entirely occur, or they entirely do not and does not corrupt or destroy data due to operations half-occurring) and by design is therefore much less prone to data loss than other file systems like Btrfs.

Filesystems based on copy-on-write (also known as write-anywhere), such as Reiser4, Btrfs and ZFS, have no need to use traditional journal to protect metadata, because they are never updated in-place. Although Btrfs still has a journal-like log tree, it is only used to speed-up fdatasync/fsync.

FUSE-based file systems

Stackable file systems

• aufs — Advanced Multi-layered Unification Filesystem, a FUSE based union filesystem, a complete rewrite of Unionfs, was rejected from Linux mainline and instead OverlayFS was merged into the Linux Kernel.

http://aufs.sourceforge.net || linux-aufsAUR

• eCryptfs — The Enterprise Cryptographic Filesystem is a package of disk encryption software for Linux. It is implemented as a POSIX-compliant filesystem-level encryption layer, aiming to offer functionality similar to that of GnuPG at the operating system level.

https://ecryptfs.org || ecryptfs-utils

• mergerfs — a FUSE based union filesystem.

https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs || mergerfsAUR

• mhddfs — Multi-HDD FUSE filesystem, a FUSE based union filesystem.

http://mhddfs.uvw.ru || mhddfsAUR

• overlayfs — OverlayFS is a filesystem service for Linux which implements a union mount for other file systems.

https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/filesystems/overlayfs.html || linux

• Unionfs — Unionfs is a filesystem service for Linux, FreeBSD and NetBSD which implements a union mount for other file systems.

https://unionfs.filesystems.org/ || not packaged? search in AUR

• unionfs-fuse — A user space Unionfs implementation.

https://github.com/rpodgorny/unionfs-fuse || unionfs-fuse

Read-only file systems

• EROFS — Enhanced Read-Only File System is a lightweight read-only file system, it aims to improve performance and compress storage capacity.

https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/filesystems/erofs.html || erofs-utils

• SquashFS — SquashFS is a compressed read only filesystem. SquashFS compresses files, inodes and directories, and supports block sizes up to 1 MB for greater compression.

https://github.com/plougher/squashfs-tools || squashfs-tools

Clustered file systems

• Ceph — Unified, distributed storage system designed for excellent performance, reliability and scalability.

https://ceph.com/ || ceph

• Glusterfs — Cluster file system capable of scaling to several peta-bytes.

https://www.gluster.org/ || glusterfs

• IPFS — A peer-to-peer hypermedia protocol to make the web faster, safer, and more open. IPFS aims replace HTTP and build a better web for all of us. Uses blocks to store parts of a file, each network node stores only content it is interested, provides deduplication, distribution, scalable system limited only by users. (currently in alpha)

https://ipfs.io/ || go-ipfs

• MooseFS — MooseFS is a fault tolerant, highly available and high performance scale-out network distributed file system.

https://moosefs.com || moosefs

• OpenAFS — Open source implementation of the AFS distributed file system

https://www.openafs.org || openafsAUR

• OrangeFS — OrangeFS is a scale-out network file system designed for transparently accessing multi-server-based disk storage, in parallel. Has optimized MPI-IO support for parallel and distributed applications. Simplifies the use of parallel storage not only for Linux clients, but also for Windows, Hadoop, and WebDAV. POSIX-compatible. Part of Linux kernel since version 4.6.

https://www.orangefs.org/ || not packaged? search in AUR

• Sheepdog — Distributed object storage system for volume and container services and manages the disks and nodes intelligently.

https://sheepdog.github.io/sheepdog/ || sheepdogAUR

• Tahoe-LAFS — Tahoe Least-Authority Filesystem is a free and open, secure, decentralized, fault-tolerant, peer-to-peer distributed data store and distributed file system.

https://tahoe-lafs.org/ || tahoe-lafsAUR

Shared-disk file system

• GFS2 — GFS2 allows all members of a cluster to have direct concurrent access to the same shared block storage

https://pagure.io/gfs2-utils || gfs2-utilsAUR

• OCFS2 — The Oracle Cluster File System (version 2) is a shared disk file system developed by Oracle Corporation and released under the GNU General Public License

https://oss.oracle.com/projects/ocfs2/ || ocfs2-toolsAUR

• VMware VMFS — VMware’s VMFS (Virtual Machine File System) is used by the company’s flagship server virtualization suite, vSphere.

https://www.vmware.com/products/vi/esx/vmfs.html || vmfs-toolsAUR

Identify existing file systems

To identify existing file systems, you can use lsblk:

An existing file system, if present, will be shown in the FSTYPE column. If mounted, it will appear in the MOUNTPOINT column.

Create a file system

File systems are usually created on a partition, inside logical containers such as LVM, RAID and dm-crypt, or on a regular file (see Wikipedia:Loop device). This section describes the partition case.

Before continuing, identify the device where the file system will be created and whether or not it is mounted. For example:

Mounted file systems must be unmounted before proceeding. In the above example an existing filesystem is on /dev/sda2 and is mounted at /mnt . It would be unmounted with:

To find just mounted file systems, see #List mounted file systems.

To create a new file system, use mkfs(8) . See #Types of file systems for the exact type, as well as userspace utilities you may wish to install for a particular file system.

For example, to create a new file system of type ext4 (common for Linux data partitions) on /dev/sda1 , run:

The new file system can now be mounted to a directory of choice.

Mount a file system

To manually mount filesystem located on a device (e.g., a partition) to a directory, use mount(8) . This example mounts /dev/sda1 to /mnt .

This attaches the filesystem on /dev/sda1 at the directory /mnt , making the contents of the filesystem visible. Any data that existed at /mnt before this action is made invisible until the device is unmounted.

fstab contains information on how devices should be automatically mounted if present. See the fstab article for more information on how to modify this behavior.

If a device is specified in /etc/fstab and only the device or mount point is given on the command line, that information will be used in mounting. For example, if /etc/fstab contains a line indicating that /dev/sda1 should be mounted to /mnt , then the following will automatically mount the device to that location:

mount contains several options, many of which depend on the file system specified. The options can be changed, either by:

• using flags on the command line with mount
• editing fstab
• creating udev rules
• compiling the kernel yourself
• or using filesystem-specific mount scripts (located at /usr/bin/mount.* ).

See these related articles and the article of the filesystem of interest for more information.

List mounted file systems

To list all mounted file systems, use findmnt(8) :

findmnt takes a variety of arguments which can filter the output and show additional information. For example, it can take a device or mount point as an argument to show only information on what is specified:

findmnt gathers information from /etc/fstab , /etc/mtab , and /proc/self/mounts .

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