Grant permission to user linux

How to manage Linux permissions for users, groups, and others

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Managing access to resources is a fundamental task for sysadmins. This responsibility consists of three components: identities, resources, and permissions. This article covers several user, group, and file management commands to control access to resources. The article uses a «How do I…?» format, and it assumes you have a few resources to work with. Specifically, I cover the following topics:

• Creating directories and files
• Managing ownership and associated groups
• Setting permissions with absolute and symbolic modes

Linux security

Setting up a playground

I’ve been in IT for about 25 years, and most of that time was spent as a technical trainer. That means that the things that I write are usually structured as some sort of lab or other hands-on opportunity. It’s just how I cover material. With that in mind, I’ll assume you have a couple of identities and resources to experiment with as you read the rest of the article. You can use the following commands to set up a playground. It’s best to do this on a virtual machine rather than your personal Linux box, but these tasks are relatively harmless.

Create two new users and two new groups to work with. Note that you do not need to configure passwords for the users in this exercise, as you won’t log on with those accounts.

Note: You would use the passwd user01 command to set the user’s password.

In your home directory, create a new directory named playground :

Change into the

/playground directory by using the cd command. You are ready to work with the commands and concepts below.

When you’ve completed the article and learned the techniques I’ve covered, delete the two user accounts, the groups, and the playground directory. Use rm -fR /playground , userdel user01 , and groupdel groupA to remove the resources.

How do I create directories and files?

Use the mkdir command to create directories. The touch command is one of many ways to create files.

How do I create a directory named Resources ?

How do I create a directory path (a series of directories that don’t yet exist)?

Note: The goal here is to create the 2020data directory, but the given path’s data directory does not yet exist. The -p option creates parent directories as needed to complete the path.

How do I create a file named file1 ?

How do I create several files at once?

How do I manage ownership and groups?

In the playground directory, display the current owner and group associated with the Resources directory and the files.

How do I display permission, owners, and groups?

The ls -l command displays directory contents in long format. The long format contains both permissions and ownership. You can see that the user account that created the resources also owns those resources. The group association is also that user’s primary group.

How do I change the user/owner associated with file1 ?

How do I change the group associated with file1 ?

How do I change the owner and group at the same time for file2 ?

There is a specific chgrp command, but I prefer only to memorize one command ( chown ) and apply it to both functions (user and group associations) rather than chown for the user and then have to recall chgrp for the group.

So how do I use chgrp ?

How do I change the user/group for a directory and all of its contents?

The above task provides a recursive configuration. Technically, recursive commands are repeated on each specified object. Effectively, recursive means «this and everything in it.» In the above example, you are configuring the related user/group for the Resources directory and everything in it. Without the -R option, you would only affect the Resources directory itself, but not its contents.

How do I manage permissions?

The change mode or chmod command sets permissions. The syntax is straight-forward:

Here are two examples of manipulating permissions for file2 :

But wait! Those appear to be radically different examples (they’re not, actually). What are all those letters and numbers?

We need to discuss absolute mode and symbolic mode.

How do I use absolute mode?

Absolute mode is one of two ways of specifying permissions. I’ve seen this mode referred to as octal or numeric mode, but the term I learned was absolute. That term also makes the most sense to me because it’s an absolute statement of the desired permissions. I always told my students that this seemed like the most complex of the two modes but is actually the simplest. Usually, they agreed.

Each access level (read, write, execute) has an octal value:

Access level	Octal value
Read	4
Write	2
Execute	1

Each identity (user, group, others) has a position:

Identity	Position
User	First or left-most
Group	Middle
Others	Last or right-most

More Linux resources

The absolute mode syntax states the desired permissions from left to right.

How do I grant the user (owner) read, write, and execute, the group read-only, and all others no access to file2 by using absolute mode?

The three permissions values are associated with identities:
ugo
740

• The 7 is assigned to the user and is the sum of 4+2+1 or read+write+execute (full access)
• The 4 is assigned to the group and is the sum of 4+0+0 (read-only)
• The 0 is assigned to others and is the sum of 0+0+0 (no access)

In this example, the user has rwx, the group has r only, and all others have no access to file2 .

Let’s look at one more example.

How do I grant the user (owner) read and write, the group read-only, and all others read-only to file2 ?

• The user has 6 (read and write)
• The group has 4 (read-only)
• All others have 4 (read-only)

I find this easier because there are no calculations involved. I’m not concerned with adding or subtracting specific permissions based on the current settings. Instead, I say, «set the permissions to be this,» and that’s the end result I get. It’s an absolute statement.

How do I set permissions for the Resources directory and all of its contents by using absolute mode?

How do I use symbolic mode?

Symbolic mode uses more symbols, but the symbols are simpler to understand. That’s attractive to sysadmins that are new to standard Linux permissions.

Each access level has a symbol:

Access level	Symbol
Read	r
Write	w
Execute	x

Each identity has a symbol:

Identity	Symbol
User	u
Group	g
Others	o

There are also operators to manipulate the permissions:

Task	Operator
Grant a level of access	+
Remove a level of access	—
Set a level of access	=

The general chmod command syntax is the same:

Here is an example:

How do I remove the read permissions from others for file2 by using symbolic mode?

This example removes ( — ) the read ( r ) permission from others ( o ) for file2 .

Here’s another simple example:

How do I grant the read and write permissions to the group for file2 ?

This one gives ( + ) read and write ( rw ) to the group ( g ) for file2 .

How do I set permissions for a directory and all of its contents by using symbolic mode?

Special permissions and Access Control Lists

The above discussion covers standard Linux permissions—applying rwx to the user, group, and all others. Linux has far more flexibility, however. Special permissions permit users to run applications with other credentials, control the inheritance of group associations, and keep files from being changed accidentally. Check out this great article on special permissions.

Linux also has a way of enforcing different permissions for different users and groups. Access Control Lists (ACLs) permit sysadmins to define permissions for more than just one user and one group, which adds a great deal more flexibility to standard permissions. For example, user01 can be granted rw- to file1 , while user02 can be granted r— to file1 . Here is a great article on ACLs.

Wrap up

Creating resources, managing users, and setting permissions are fundamental tasks for Linux users. My goal was to provide a quick and easy guide based on common questions or tasks that we must all accomplish regularly. If you’re new to Linux, having a solid grasp of the eight commands discussed above will make your sysadmin life much easier.

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How to Give Root Privileges to a User in Linux

The “root” super user is the king of users in Linux/Unix. Having root access grants full and unlimited access to the Linux box.

In this tutorial, I will show you how to allow root access to a user in a Linux system. Typically, root level access is used in system administration. So it is always a pain to give root access to other users. You need to be careful and should withdraw the access once the need to do so is over.

According to Linux file system permissions, root or super user has full permission to read(r), write (w) and execute(x) any file. By default root user id is ‘0’.

I am going to create two users namely user1 and user2. Then I will show you how to give root access to ‘user1’.

Method 1: Adding to Root Group using usermod

Let see how we can grant normal user root access by adding to root group.

These are the groups I have in my Linux box.

I am going to add user1 to root group as follows:

The command given below provides the existing user with the root privilege

Method 2: Adding to Root Group using Useradd Command

I have added a new user, ‘user3’ to the root group using one single command:

Another option using useradd command

Method 3: Editing /etc/passwd file

Edit /etc/passwd for the particular user. Change the user’s UID and GID to ‘0’. This will give root permissions to user.

Now, temproot user should have root privilege:

Note: This is not the recommended method for granting root access

Method 4: Setting as Sudo User

The sudo configuration file is /etc/sudoers and you can edit this file using visudo command: # visudo.

Using visudo protects from conflicts and guarantees that the right syntax is used.

To give full access to specific users

Add the entry given below in the file:

Following this method is not a good idea because this allows both bob and tom to use the su command to grant themselves permanent root privileges. Thereby skipping the command logging features of sudo.

Granting access to specific files to one particular user

This entry allows bob and all the other members of the group operator to gain access to all the program files in the /sbin and /usr/sbin directories, as well as the privilege of running the command /usr/oracle/backup.pl.

If you have any questions or thoughts to share on this topic, use the feedback form.

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Give user write access to folder [duplicate]

How do i give the user ‘testuser’ write privileges on the folder: /var/www/test/public_html

1 Answer 1

The simplest way is to use chown :

This will make the user & group testuser the owner of the file. IF YOU ARE USING A DIFFERENT USERNAME (run whoami or look before the @ of your terminal promp, or be lazy and replace testuser with $USER ), use that username instead. For instance user Flora colossus may have the username groot , in which case you would run sudo chown -R groot:groot . . If in doubt use the manual pages linked below.

or to use chmod (read and use carefully):

Which will allow read-write-execute permissions for the owner, group, and any other users. The execute bit is required for directories to work, files can get by with 666 permissions (strictly speaking most files shouldnt need the execute permission, but this is least likely to break stuff and does not require find etc). chmod is much more difficult to ‘undo’ if needed that the other options.

Here are manual pages on chown and chmod (these can also be found by running man chown and man chmod .)

I should add you can give groups of users write access as well (examples here and here).

Also beware giving global write access with the chmod command if you have not as trustworthy users/scripts running on the server etc — I recommend changing the group or the user permissions instead. If using chmod please read up on this and understand what it is doing.

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grant permission in linux

I have a linux web server with 2 hard-drives. There are 2 users, one can access /home/user1 and the other user can access /home2/user2

I would like to grant user1 permissions to access /home2/users/ (recursively) without revoking user2 access to his home directory.

What’s the best way to do that?

4 Answers 4

put both of them in the same group, and change the permission for the following:

Thanks to @Niklas B: you’ll also need to set /home2/user2 dir SGID to the group they both members.

if it’s the main user2’s group it’ll be automatic, if not- use ‘chgrp’ command (don’t forget -r for recursive! =))

Create a group (users) for both users and grant the group r/w/x access to the second home dir 😉

If users are in same group, then you can set group permissions to folder users. Or if you not want other users access to /home2/users you can create new group and add user1 and user2 to it. After set permission on new group.

Have the user1 be in a group, say, group1 and allow group1 to access /home2/users .

Assuming you have setup user1 be in a group called «group1»

chgrp -R group1 /home2/users

chmod -R 770 /home2/users

If you want the files/dirs created under /home2/users to be accessible by user1 (regardless who created it) in the future then you will need to set the SGID: chmod g+s /home2/users Note that the above command can only be set by the /home2/users owner.

Can you elaborate more on your objective? Why does user1 needs to access user2’s home directory? Will it be bad if user2 can access user1’s home directory?

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