How to install linux from iso

Installation guide

This document is a guide for installing Arch Linux using the live system booted from an installation medium made from an official installation image. The installation medium provides accessibility features which are described on the page Install Arch Linux with accessibility options. For alternative means of installation, see Category:Installation process.

Before installing, it would be advised to view the FAQ. For conventions used in this document, see Help:Reading. In particular, code examples may contain placeholders (formatted in italics ) that must be replaced manually.

For more detailed instructions, see the respective ArchWiki articles or the various programs’ man pages, both linked from this guide. For interactive help, the IRC channel and the forums are also available.

Arch Linux should run on any x86_64-compatible machine with a minimum of 512 MiB RAM, though more memory is needed to boot the live system for installation.[1] A basic installation should take less than 2 GiB of disk space. As the installation process needs to retrieve packages from a remote repository, this guide assumes a working internet connection is available.

Contents

Pre-installation

Acquire an installation image

Visit the Download page and, depending on how you want to boot, acquire the ISO file or a netboot image, and the respective GnuPG signature.

Verify signature

It is recommended to verify the image signature before use, especially when downloading from an HTTP mirror, where downloads are generally prone to be intercepted to serve malicious images.

On a system with GnuPG installed, do this by downloading the PGP signature (under Checksums in the Download page) to the ISO directory, and verifying it with:

Alternatively, from an existing Arch Linux installation run:

Prepare an installation medium

The installation image can be supplied to the target machine via a USB flash drive, an optical disc or a network with PXE: follow the appropriate article to prepare yourself an installation medium from the chosen image.

Boot the live environment

1. Point the current boot device to the one which has the Arch Linux installation medium. Typically it is achieved by pressing a key during the POST phase, as indicated on the splash screen. Refer to your motherboard’s manual for details.
2. When the installation medium’s boot loader menu appears, select Arch Linux install medium and press Enter to enter the installation environment.

To switch to a different console—for example, to view this guide with Lynx alongside the installation—use the Alt+arrow shortcut. To edit configuration files, mcedit(1) , nano and vim are available. See packages.x86_64 for a list of the packages included in the installation medium.

Set the console keyboard layout

The default console keymap is US. Available layouts can be listed with:

To modify the layout, append a corresponding file name to loadkeys(1) , omitting path and file extension. For example, to set a German keyboard layout:

Console fonts are located in /usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/ and can likewise be set with setfont(8) .

Verify the boot mode

To verify the boot mode, list the efivars directory:

If the command shows the directory without error, then the system is booted in UEFI mode. If the directory does not exist, the system may be booted in BIOS (or CSM) mode. If the system did not boot in the mode you desired, refer to your motherboard’s manual.

Connect to the internet

To set up a network connection in the live environment, go through the following steps:

• Ensure your network interface is listed and enabled, for example with ip-link(8) :
• For wireless and WWAN, make sure the card is not blocked with rfkill.
• Connect to the network:
  • Ethernet—plug in the cable.
  • Wi-Fi—authenticate to the wireless network using iwctl.
  • Mobile broadband modem—connect to the mobile network with the mmcli utility.
• Configure your network connection:
  • DHCP: dynamic IP address and DNS server assignment (provided by systemd-networkd and systemd-resolved) should work out of the box for Ethernet, WLAN and WWAN network interfaces.
  • Static IP address: follow Network configuration#Static IP address.
• The connection may be verified with ping:

Update the system clock

Use timedatectl(1) to ensure the system clock is accurate:

To check the service status, use timedatectl status .

Partition the disks

When recognized by the live system, disks are assigned to a block device such as /dev/sda , /dev/nvme0n1 or /dev/mmcblk0 . To identify these devices, use lsblk or fdisk.

Results ending in rom , loop or airoot may be ignored.

The following partitions are required for a chosen device:

If you want to create any stacked block devices for LVM, system encryption or RAID, do it now.

Use fdisk or parted to modify partition tables. For example:

Example layouts

BIOS with MBR

Mount point	Partition	Partition type	Suggested size
[SWAP]	/dev/swap_partition	Linux swap	More than 512 MiB
/mnt	/dev/root_partition	Linux	Remainder of the device

UEFI with GPT

Mount point	Partition	Partition type	Suggested size
/mnt/boot or /mnt/efi 1	/dev/efi_system_partition	EFI system partition	At least 260 MiB
[SWAP]	/dev/swap_partition	Linux swap	More than 512 MiB
/mnt	/dev/root_partition	Linux x86-64 root (/)	Remainder of the device

1. /mnt/efi should only be considered if the used boot loader is capable of loading the kernel and initramfs images from the root volume. See the warning in Arch boot process#Boot loader.

Format the partitions

Once the partitions have been created, each newly created partition must be formatted with an appropriate file system. For example, to create an Ext4 file system on /dev/root_partition , run:

If you created a partition for swap, initialize it with mkswap(8) :

Mount the file systems

Mount the root volume to /mnt . For example, if the root volume is /dev/root_partition :

Create any remaining mount points (such as /mnt/efi ) using mkdir(1) and mount their corresponding volumes.

If you created a swap volume, enable it with swapon(8) :

genfstab(8) will later detect mounted file systems and swap space.

Installation

Select the mirrors

Packages to be installed must be downloaded from mirror servers, which are defined in /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist . On the live system, after connecting to the internet, reflector updates the mirror list by choosing 20 most recently synchronized HTTPS mirrors and sorting them by download rate.[2]

The higher a mirror is placed in the list, the more priority it is given when downloading a package. You may want to inspect the file to see if it is satisfactory. If it is not, edit the file accordingly, and move the geographically closest mirrors to the top of the list, although other criteria should be taken into account.

This file will later be copied to the new system by pacstrap, so it is worth getting right.

Install essential packages

Use the pacstrap(8) script to install the base package, Linux kernel and firmware for common hardware:

The base package does not include all tools from the live installation, so installing other packages may be necessary for a fully functional base system. In particular, consider installing:

• userspace utilities for the management of file systems that will be used on the system,
• utilities for accessing RAID or LVM partitions,
• specific firmware for other devices not included in linux-firmware (e.g. sof-firmware for sound cards),
• software necessary for networking,
• a text editor,
• packages for accessing documentation in man and info pages: man-db , man-pages and texinfo .

To install other packages or package groups, append the names to the pacstrap command above (space separated) or use pacman while chrooted into the new system. For comparison, packages available in the live system can be found in packages.x86_64.

Configure the system

Fstab

Generate an fstab file (use -U or -L to define by UUID or labels, respectively):

Check the resulting /mnt/etc/fstab file, and edit it in case of errors.

Chroot

Change root into the new system:

Time zone

Run hwclock(8) to generate /etc/adjtime :

This command assumes the hardware clock is set to UTC. See System time#Time standard for details.

Localization

Edit /etc/locale.gen and uncomment en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8 and other needed locales. Generate the locales by running:

Network configuration

Add matching entries to hosts(5) :

If the system has a permanent IP address or a fully qualified domain name, see the example in Network configuration#Local hostname resolution.

Complete the network configuration for the newly installed environment, that may include installing suitable network management software.

Initramfs

Creating a new initramfs is usually not required, because mkinitcpio was run on installation of the kernel package with pacstrap.

For LVM, system encryption or RAID, modify mkinitcpio.conf(5) and recreate the initramfs image:

Root password

Boot loader

Choose and install a Linux-capable boot loader. If you have an Intel or AMD CPU, enable microcode updates in addition.

Reboot

Exit the chroot environment by typing exit or pressing Ctrl+d .

Optionally manually unmount all the partitions with umount -R /mnt : this allows noticing any «busy» partitions, and finding the cause with fuser(1) .

Finally, restart the machine by typing reboot : any partitions still mounted will be automatically unmounted by systemd. Remember to remove the installation medium and then login into the new system with the root account.

Post-installation

See General recommendations for system management directions and post-installation tutorials (like creating unprivileged user accounts, setting up a graphical user interface, sound or a touchpad).

For a list of applications that may be of interest, see List of applications.

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Create the bootable media¶

The easiest way to install Linux Mint is with a USB stick.

If you cannot boot from USB, you can use a blank DVD.

How to make a bootable USB stick¶

In Linux Mint¶

Right-click the ISO file and select Make Bootable USB Stick , or launch Menu ‣ Accessories ‣ USB Image Writer .

Select your USB device and click Write .

In Windows, Mac OS, or other Linux distributions¶

Download Etcher, install it and run it.

Click Select image and select your ISO file.

Click Select drive and select your USB stick.

How to make a bootable DVD¶

Optical discs are slow and burning to disc is prone to errors.

To prevent issues, burn at the lowest possible speed.

Burn the content of the ISO onto the DVD, not the ISO file itself. When finished, your DVD should contain directories such as boot and casper , it shouldn’t be an empty DVD containing an .iso file.

In Linux¶

Install and use xfburn .

In Windows¶

Right-click the ISO file and select Burn disk image .

To make sure the ISO was burned without any errors, select Verify disc after burning .

In Mac OS¶

Right-click the ISO file and select Burn Disk Image to Disc .

© Copyright 2017, Linux Mint Revision 11740971 .

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How to Install Linux from ISO to Installed

The first step of any journey is the hardest part. Clichéd, but true. The first step in using Linux is to install it, and for many folks that step is the most intimidating. It doesn’t have to be — most Linux distributions are easy to install, if you know what to expect. Here’s how to prep for an install and get on with the journey.

Linux will run on almost any standard laptop or personal computer, and on quite a few less standard machines as well. For the purpose of this guide, I’m only going to cover standard x86/x86-64 hardware. If you have an older Mac with a PowerPC processor, or another type of machine, it’s probably possible to install Linux — but it will take a bit more work and you’ll have to be choosy about the distribution you choose.

Pre-install Checklist

First, you need to decide which Linux distribution am I going to run first? and get the ISO image for that distribution. What’s an ISO image? This is slang for a type of file that contains a DVD or CD “image,” that can be burned directly to blank CD or DVD media.

You might want to read Brian Proffitt’s piece on the seven best Linux distributions to get a good overview. I’m going to suggest that you start with one that isn’t on Brian’s list, Linux Mint.

Linux Mint is based on Ubuntu, but includes a few enhancements and components like Adobe Flash that you will probably want down the line. It’s also very easy to install, and easy to use. The default selection of software is good for most users, and the most recent release (Linux Mint 9) will be supported for three years on the desktop. You can upgrade sooner, of course — a new release of Mint comes out roughly every six months, but the Linux Mint 9 release will be receiving updates through 2013 on the desktop.

Next, you need a couple of things: the ISO image you’re going to use for the install, and a blank disc. If you have a more recent machine, you should choose a 64-bit CD image. Most new AMD and Intel CPUs for desktop and laptops are 64-bit, though they’ll also work with the 32-bit images. The main difference is that the 32-bit OSes take some tweaking to support more than 3GB of RAM. Newer netbooks with Atom CPUs take 32-bit, but you’re better off with a netbook distribution for those. We’ll tackle that in a separate piece.

Before that, though, you’re going to want to back up your data on the computer you’re going to install Linux on. This is assuming you’re going to dual-boot Linux with Windows. You can also install Linux on an Intel-based Mac, but that’s a slightly more complex procedure. Either way, the point is that unless you’re putting Linux on a computer by itself, you need to back up your data.

If you’re using Windows 7, you should be able to burn the CD without installing any additional software. When the ISO is downloaded, just right-click on the image and then select Burn disc image. You’ll see a dialog with the option to burn the disc and then all you need to do is wait for it to finish.

Now it’s time to reboot and start the install!

Installation Walkthrough

The Mint installer has six steps. It says seven at the bottom of the installer, but skips one.

You should see a welcome screen, just choose the language that you want to install in (English is the default, but not the only choice). Then you’ll want to set up your time zone and keyboard layout. None of that should be too difficult.

The only “difficult” part of the install is partitioning. This is where you tell the installer how much disk space it can have, and how much is going to be left to the existing OS. When you get a computer with an operating system already installed, the disk has been partitioned and formatted already. Usually this means Windows is installed on an NTFS partition (the native Windows filesystem for Windows XP, Vista, and 7) and you’ll have a single partition. Linux will require at least two partitions, one for data and one for “swap,” which is what Linux uses for virtual memory. (If that sounds like gibberish, don’t worry — it’s not a detail you need to know to use Linux day to day.)

Mint should suggest a sane default with the option of keeping your existing Windows install and giving part of the disk to Linux. Unless you’re feeling adventurous, I recommend avoiding manual partitioning. Choose the “Install them side by side, choosing between them each at startup option, unless you’re ready to go straight to Linux.

The next step requires you to fill out your user information and give the computer a name. Make sure you select a good password! You have the option of logging in without providing a password, but that’s not recommended. Unless no one else has access to your computer, it’s not really advisable to go without a password. If you’re extra-cautious, Mint gives the option of encrypting your home directory too. This means that the data under your home directory will be encrypted, so even if someone has physical access to your computer, it would be nearly impossible for them to view your data without your password. This will cause a small performance hit, but not enough to worry about unless you have a very old computer.

Click forward again, and you just have to wait for the files to copy. After that’s done, you’ll need to reboot and you can start using Linux! Wasn’t that easy?

After the Install

You’ve installed Linux. Now what?. Take some time to become familiar with the OS and look at the user guide for your chosen distro.

With Linux Mint, you’ll usually launch your software from the Mint Menu in the lower left-hand corner of the screen. It’s also possible to run a program by typing Alt-F2 and typing the name of the application you want to run, like firefox . Linux is highly configurable, so you can re-arrange your system to use a different menu bar or dock if you like — almost anything is possible. But try the default layout for a bit and see how that works for you.

The default software is a good start, but you might want to install more. The easiest way to do that is to search the packages available with your distro. With Linux Mint, you can find new applications using the Software Center. If you know the name of the package you want to install, just use the search box in the right-hand corner. If not, you can browse the categories and try out some of the choices. Everything in the Software Center is available to download for free, so as long as you have disk space, you can try all the software you want.

Like anything else, it takes a while to become familiar with Linux. Some folks try Linux and give up very quickly the first time they run into an obstacle — that’s a major mistake. You’ll probably run into one or two things that don’t make sense right away or experience problems, but don’t panic and don’t give up!

You can find plenty of support to get started with Linux. Start with the Linux.com Forums and answers section, of course, and the forums for the specific distribution that you’re using as well.

It might take a while to become totally comfortable with Linux, but if you stick with it, you’ll get there faster than you think. It won’t be long before you wonder why you didn’t start sooner!

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