Install linux on lenovo

Lenovo разрешила ставить Linux на ноутбуки c Windows 10, но с отказом от техподдержки

Lenovo Yoga 900

В сентябре 2016 года компания Lenovo подверглась сильной критике, когда активисты Open Source заподозрили наличие «секретного соглашения» с Microsoft по эксклюзивной установке Windows 10 на некоторые компьютеры Lenovo. Основанием для таких подозрений стал факт, что на определённые модели ноутбуков с Windows 10 невозможно поставить Linux.

После бурных протестов общественности компания Lenovo пошла на попятную и выпустила новые прошивки BIOS для этих ноутбуков.

В сентябре на форумах появились сообщения, что Linux невозможно установить на ряд ноутбуков Lenovo, которые поставляются с некоей версией Windows 10 Signature Edition. По предположениям пользователей, обозначение “Signature Edition” означает, что в отношении этих компьютеров у Microsoft действует соглашение с производителем, что компьютер «залочен» на операционную систему Windows. Например, на ноутбук Lenovo Yoga 900 ISK2 UltraBook невозможно установить Linux в проприетарном режиме RAID, который залочен через UEFI/BIOS.

Расследование выявило, что на платформах Intel накопитель конфигурируется в UEFI/BIOS двумя способами: как «стандартный» или как RAID. Во втором случае просто изменяются идентификаторы PCI ID, чтобы отключить стандартные драйверы и гарантировать использование специфичных драйверов Intel, в которых точно есть поддержка RAID. Компания Intel не подготовила коммитов в ядро Linux для поддержки режима RAID для этих драйверов, поэтому с такими настройками UEFI/BIOS операционная система Linux «не видит» накопитель. В данном случае в ноутбуках Lenovo нет возможности изменить конфигурацию накопителя, она жёстко установлена как RAID.

Представитель компании Lenovo тогда сказал, что в данном случае на ноутбук установлена версия Signature Edition операционной системы Windows 10 Home: «Она залочена по нашему соглашению с Microsoft».

Факт наличия некоего секретного соглашения впоследствии не подтвердился. Возможно, проблема заключалась именно в драйверах Intel. Так или иначе, но компания Lenovo в итоге признала свою ошибку. На официальном сайте технической поддержки опубликованы новые версии прошивок для ноутбуков Yoga 900 и IdeaPad 710, которые стали причиной недовольства пользователей.

Правда, есть одна оговорка. На форуме подчёркивается, что данные версии BIOS «не предназначены для использования на компьютерах, на которых работает операционная система Windows». Кроме того, для данного BIOS не предоставляется официальная поддержка Lenovo, а всех пользователей предупреждают о рисках «деградации производительности, которые могут быть связаны с использованием этого BIOS».

Любителям Linux разрешили установить свободную операционную систему, но на свой страх и риск, с потерей официальной техподдержки.

Таким образом, Lenovo нашла способ решения проблемы. Ведь если опустить конспирологическую версию секретного соглашения с Microsoft, то зачем она изначально «залочила» BIOS? Для того, чтобы исключить использование непроверенных драйверов Intel, которые нуждаются в особых настройках для управления питанием. Как было сказано выше, до недавнего времени Intel не предоставила коммитов в ядро Linux для поддержки режима RAID для этих драйверов. Только 21 октября разработчики Intel всё-таки представили соответствующий патч.

Компания Lenovo решила, что это приведёт к лишним вопросам в службу технической поддержки Lenovo. Руководство китайской компании приняло решение, что число пользователей Linux настолько мало, что ими можно пренебречь ради сокращения количества звонков в службу технической поддержки.

После того как история приобрела скандальный характер, решили всё-таки выпустить новую прошивку. Но пользователям, которые установят её, запретили звонить в службу технической поддержки. Всё просто и логично.

У компании Lenovo есть список ноутбуков, сертифицированных для установки Linux, но модели Yoga 900 и IdeaPad 710 до сих пор отсутствуют в этом списке.

Установившим Linux на ноутбуки Lenovo пользователям труднее рассчитывать на техническую поддержку ещё и потому, что сотрудники техподдержки обучены отвечать на вопросы прежде всего по Windows. В данном случае пользователей вообще лишили поддержки. Впрочем, это не такая большая проблема — большинство пользователей Linux и не нуждаются в советах от девочек из суппорта.

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How to Install Linux on a Chromebook

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How to Install Linux

You’ve heard about the Linux operating system. But have you tried it on your PC? It’s easy to do – in many cases, you don’t even have to remove the Microsoft Windows OS you’re using now. And Linux is virtually cost-free. So what are you waiting for?

Sure, you can buy Lenovo laptops and Lenovo desktops with Linux pre-installed. If that’s too big a step, however, trying Linux on your current PC – or an older system you no longer use – is a great way to explore its features and decide if Linux is for you.

In this article, we’ll explore some commonly recommended steps to help new users install and test Linux. There’s a big world out there, and there are more ways to experience it on your PC than through Windows!

IMPORTANT: The instructions presented here are high-level and abbreviated compared to those provided by each Linux distributor. They’re meant only to help you decide if you’re capable of installing Linux on your PC. If you proceed, use the instructions provided by your Linux distributor. Lenovo is not responsible for any problems that occur if/when you install.

Install and test Linux on your PC

Linux is popular for its low cost, simplicity, and ability to run on systems with minimal RAM, disk space and other system resources. At its simplest, installing Linux on a PC takes four easy steps:

1. Select and download your preferred Linux distribution
2. Create your bootable installation media (CD/DVD, USB drive, etc.)
3. Set your PC to boot from the CD/DVD or USB drive
4. Run the installer and choose how to configure Linux

Once installed, there’s lots you can do to learn how Linux works, explore Linux-based software, and so on. But installing Linux, as we’ll explain below, really is as simple as 1, 2, 3 (and 4).

NOTE: There are many ways to install Linux, from loading it file-by-file onto a blank hard drive (sometimes called “Linux from scratch”) to installing it remotely over a network. However, to keep things simple in this article, we’ll assume you’re already using a Windows-based PC with which to download files, create boot media, and – ultimately – install Linux.

Select and download your preferred Linux distribution

The Linux OS dates to 1991 when a young Norwegian scholar set out to build an alternative PC operating system with open source programming code that other developers could then explore and enhance. The Linux OS kernel quickly evolved with help from coders around the world – ultimately rivaling Windows in terms of functionality. And while Linux itself remains free (a few providers ask for donations), different varieties of Linux have evolved over time, including some that offer proprietary, revenue-generating add-on features and services.

The result? Today, in addition to raw Linux, there are dozens of distinct Linux “distributions” you can choose from. Some remain minimalistic. Others have lots of bells and whistles, even offering a visual “desktop” like that used in Windows. For new users, downloading and installing one of these distributions is the fastest, easiest way to try Linux.

Your first step in installing Linux, then, is selecting a Linux distribution (or “distro”) to try. We can’t list the pros and cons of each one here. But to help you start your search, here are the distros that got the most traffic at the popular Linux review website Distro Watch in early 2021.

MX Linux Manjaro Mint Pop!_OS EndeavourOS Ubuntu Debian elementary Fedora openSUSE Solus KDE neon Garuda

deepin Puppy Arch Zorin Mageia PCLinuxOS AntiX FreeBSD Linuxfx Kali Alpine ArcoLinux

Once you’ve decided which Linux distribution to try, go to the corresponding website and download the latest .iso file. It’s typically easy to find, and you’ll need it to install Linux on your PC.

Create your installation media (disk, thumb drive, etc.)

Installing a new OS typically erases any existing data on your hard drive, so without complex disk partitioning or other procedures, you can’t easily install Linux on a PC using files that are resident on that PC. Instead, experts suggest installing Linux from a CD/DVD or USB drive (thumb drive) on which you’ve imaged your downloaded .iso file. [The installer software for some distros will partition your drive for you, but the installer does the heavy lifting.]

This process of creating a Linux installation CD/DVD or USB drive (generically called “installation media”) is slightly more complicated that simply copying the downloaded .iso file(s), however. For the media to be recognized as a bootable installation tool, each file needs to be in a specific location and order, especially the so-called bootloader. Because of this, most Linux distributions recommend using a dedicated tool or utility to create proper, bootable installation media.

MX Linux and Mint – both highly popular Linux distributions – offer their own tools to create bootable USB drives. MX Linux also suggests a utility called Rufus, as does another popular distribution called Ubuntu. Other sources list tools such as usbimager, Etcher and others.

Set your PC to boot from the CD/DVD or USB drive

With your bootable installation media created, the next step is telling your PC to boot from it. Normally, your PC starts up using the OS files stored on the hard drive. But you can change the “boot order” so it looks elsewhere – such as the CD/DVD drive or USB drive – for its start-up data.

One method involves editing your PC’s BIOS file. It controls many aspects of how your computer operates, so it’s typically the domain of expert PC users only, and any changes you make remain in place until you edit the file again. Fortunately, most systems offer a simpler, visual interface to reset the boot order – an ideal option if you just want to boot from the CD/DVD or USB drive once (to install and test your new OS), and then switch back again.

BEWARE: Do not proceed further without backing up the important data and personal files on your PC. If you install Linux as your sole OS, all currently saved data and files will be erased in the process. Even if you opt to run Linux alongside Windows, the partitioning process could affect some saved data.

To change your PC’s boot order one time, the first step is to start (or restart) it. Some systems will briefly show an on-screen prompt to “enter Setup mode” or something similar, while others require that you immediately press a specific key (F10, for example) to disrupt the normal boot and show the Setup menu instead. [If you’re not sure how your PC works in this regard, look it up before you start.]

Whatever method you choose, once you select the CD/DVD drive or USB drive to boot from, your PC will proceed to start up using the Linux distribution .iso file(s) on the installation media you inserted there.

NOTE: If you’re currently using Windows, a feature called Secure Boot Mode may block the above-described change to boot from the installation media rather than the hard drive. Most Linux distributions are designed to work around this feature, but if you encounter errors, Windows Help gives instructions to temporarily de-activate Secure Boot Mode.

Run the installer and choose how to configure Linux

Once you’ve changed the boot order, your PC will look to the designated CD/DVD or USB drive for its start-up information – and find your installation media’s bootloader file(s) instead. These files will determine what happens next and will differ based on the Linux distribution you chose.

Most, but not all, Linux distributions present a visual installation interface where you can make choices about how to install your new OS. Typical options include:

• Run Linux from the CD/DVD or USB drive: Many Linux distros can run directly from the installation media, without being permanently installed on your hard drive. It’s a great way to try Linux, but performance will be slower than if the files were stored on your PC.
• Install Linux alongside Windows: Some Linux distributions can be installed on a partitioned piece of your hard drive. You can keep both OSes available and choose between them at system start-up based on the tasks you’ll be undertaking.
• Install Linux as your sole OS: If you already know you want Linux as your new OS, or you’ve tested it through the installation media and are ready to take the plunge, all distros include the option to erase your hard drive and install Linux as your sole OS.

When you’re done, remove the installation media and return your system to its normal boot order. From then on, depending on the options you chose, your system will boot directly to Linux or dual-boot to either Linux and Windows (you’ll have to choose which OS to use each time you start up).

One final note: If you opt to replace Windows with Linux, be sure to save your original Windows product key or proof of purchase details. While many users love Linux, others eventually return to Windows – and it can’t be re-installed without the product key or something similar.

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How to Install Linux on a Chromebook

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How to Install Linux on a Chromebook

The Linux operating system is free, open source, and known for the features it delivers without using a lot of RAM and other resources. Chromebooks – built on Google’s stripped down, Linux-based Chrome OS – are prized for their light weight, long battery life, and affordability. So how about a Chromebook running a full-fledged Linux distribution? To many users, it’s the best of both worlds.

We’ll give some tips about activating or installing Linux on a Chromebook in the sections that follow. But first, you may be asking a question. If the Chrome operating system is based on the Linux OS kernel, why would you want to run Linux itself on your Chromebook? After all, Chromebooks are simple to set up and use. And compared to Chrome, Linux requires more user input to set up and maintain.

First, Linux does most of its work locally on your machine versus using cloud-based apps and services. This allows the best Linux distros offer a wider variety of basic OS-level capabilities than Chrome. For example, managing files is said to be far easier with a Linux OS than with Chrome. Linux is also said to be better at connecting to peripheral devices.

Second, there’s a big collection of Linux apps that many users prefer. Some consider them superior to Microsoft Windows-based apps. Plus, unlike most Chrome apps, you can use locally installed Linux apps without a live internet connection.

IMPORTANT: The instructions presented here are high-level and abbreviated compared to those provided by each Linux distributor. They’re meant only to help you decide if you’re capable of using/installing Linux on your Chromebook. If you proceed, use the instructions provided by your Linux distributor. Lenovo is not responsible for any problems that occur if/when you activate/install Linux.

Using built-in Linux (Beta) features on a Chromebook

Most Chromebooks built since 2019 have a built-in Linux environment called Linux (Beta) that you can easily switch to and from within the Chrome OS. It runs in Chrome’s Beta channel, versus the Stable channel used for most activities. So Google calls it a work in progress. But it’s a great option for using Linux apps and features without installing a Linux distro on your own.

Here’s how to activate Linux (Beta) on Chromebooks where it’s available:

1. Go to Settings
2. Find Linux (Beta)
3. Select “Turn On”
4. Allow a few minutes for the Linux (Beta) files to download and install.

When complete, you’ll get a Linux (Beta) Terminal window. You can type Linux commands, install tools using a package manager, and more. The latest versions of Linux (Beta) even allow you to install the KDE desktop for a more traditional user experience. However, that’s beyond the scope of this article.

For more on Linux (Beta), visit https://support.google.com/chromebook/answer/9145439.

Installing a Linux distro on a Chromebook

Some users want to run Linux apps but not through the Chrome OS and Linux (Beta). They prefer to use a Linux distro of their own choosing. Fortunately, it’s easy to install a Linux OS on your Chromebook – whether for dual booting alongside Chrome or to replace the Chrome OS entirely.

One of the most recommended Linux distros for Chromebooks is Gallium OS (galliumos.org). Gallium was purpose-built for Chromebooks. Reviewers say it’s fast, demands few system resources, and comes with several helpful bundled apps. Other Linux distros touted for use on Chromebooks include Solus OS, Arch Linux, MX Linux, and others.

Here’s a high-level look at installing Gallium OS on your Chromebook. Use these details to decide if you’ve got the skills and desire to install Gallium. If you opt to proceed, we recommend following the detailed instructions posted at the Gallium website.

NOTE: Chromebooks made by different companies may or may not support the steps shown here. Consult the website of your selected Linux distro for details on which Chromebooks support it.

Installing Gallium Linux on a Chromebook from an ISO image

The Gallium OS can be installed in the «traditional» way. That is, from an ISO image you save on a flash drive or SD card. This method replaces the original Chrome OS with Gallium. [You can dual boot with other OSes, such as Microsoft Windows or other Linux distros. But we don’t explain that here. Also, you can’t use this ISO install method to dual boot Gallium and the original Chrome OS. For that, use the command line method described later.]

NOTE: BACK UP YOUR LOCAL USER DATA AND PERSONAL FILES before you begin. Gallium warns users that installing it on your Chromebook requires entering Chrome’s Developer Mode, which erases all local user data on the machine (cloud-stored files will be unaffected). Consult your Chromebook’s Help files to learn how to enable Developer Mode and the factors you should consider before doing so.

The Gallium website gives full details about installing the OS from the ISO file. For now, here’s a high-level look at the steps you’ll follow:

1. Go to galliumos.org to download the latest Gallium ISO file.
2. Burn or image the ISO file on a flash drive or SD card, creating «bootable» media. See How to Install Linux for more on this process.
3. Enable booting from the appropriate drive. That is, set your system to boot from a USB port or card slot. *
   *This is where Developer Mode is required.
4. Insert your bootable media and restart your Chromebook.

Your Chromebook should now boot up using the Gallium OS files it finds on the inserted media. You’ll have the option of running Gallium directly from the media (a great way to test it). Or you can install it permanently on internal storage to replace the original Chrome OS.

Installing Gallium Linux on a Chromebook from the command line

Another method of installing Gallium on a Chromebook involves using Chrome’s chrx command. It’s specialized code that can install another Linux distro alongside the Chrome OS in a dual boot scenario. Before starting, confirm your Chromebook supports chrx and take any preparatory steps that are advised.

NOTE: BACK UP YOUR LOCAL USER DATA AND PERSONAL FILES before starting. As with the ISO method described above, enabling chrx requires you to enter Developer Mode, which can erase local data.

The Gallium website has complete instructions for installing the OS from the command line. For now, here’s a high-level look at the procedure:

1. Start your Chromebook with networking enabled.
2. Switch to Virtual Terminal mode and log in as user Chronos.
3. Initiate chrx using the command:

cd ; curl -O https://chrx.org/go && sh go

Prompts will guide you through the process of partitioning your internal storage. This is necessary to preserve the existing Chrome OS and install Gallium Linux separately. From now on, when you start your Chromebook, you’ll choose either CRTL + L to launch Gallium or CTRL + D to run Chrome.

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