Linux and windows applications

Что такое подсистема Windows для Linux

Подсистема Windows для Linux позволяет разработчикам запускать среду GNU/Linux с большинством программ командной строки, служебных программ и приложений непосредственно в Windows без каких-либо изменений и необходимости использовать традиционную виртуальную машину или двойную загрузку.

Можно сделать следующее.

• Выберите предпочтительные дистрибутивы GNU/Linux из Microsoft Store.
• Запускайте средства командной строки, например grep , sed , awk , или другие двоичные файлы ELF-64.
• Запускайте сценарии Bash Shell и приложения командной строки GNU/Linux, включая:
  • инструменты: vim, emacs, tmux;
  • языки: NodeJS, Javascript, Python, Ruby, C/C++, C# и F#, Rust, Go и пр.
  • Службы. SSHD, MySQL, Apache, lighttpd, MongoDB, PostgreSQL.
• Установите дополнительное программное обеспечение с помощью своего собственного диспетчера пакетов дистрибутивов GNU/Linux.
• Вызывайте приложения Windows с помощью оболочки командной строки, похожей на UNIX.
• Вызывайте приложения GNU/Linux в Windows.

Что такое WSL 2?

WSL 2 — это новая версия архитектуры подсистемы Windows для Linux, которая поддерживает подсистему Windows для Linux, чтобы запускать двоичные файлы Linux ELF64 в Windows. Ее основными приоритетами является увеличение производительности файловой системы и добавление полной совместимости системных вызовов.

Эта новая архитектура изменяет способ взаимодействия этих двоичных файлов Linux с Windows и с оборудованием компьютера, но по-прежнему предоставляет то же взаимодействие с пользователем, что и WSL 1 (текущая общедоступная версия).

Отдельные дистрибутивы Linux можно запускать с архитектурой WSL 1 или WSL 2. Каждый дистрибутив можно обновить или использовать на более старой версии в любое время, кроме того вы можете запустить дистрибутивы WSL 1 и WSL 2 параллельно. WSL 2 использует совершенно новую архитектуру, которая дает преимущества от работы с реальным ядром Linux.

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Run Linux GUI apps on the Windows Subsystem for Linux (preview)

You can now preview Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) support for running Linux GUI applications (X11 and Wayland) on Windows in a fully integrated desktop experience.

WSL 2 enables Linux GUI applications to feel native and natural to use on Windows.

• Launch Linux apps from the Windows Start menu
• Pin Linux apps to the Windows task bar
• Use alt-tab to switch between Linux and Windows apps
• Cut + Paste across Windows and Linux apps

You can now integrate both Windows and Linux applications into your workflow for a seamless desktop experience.

Install support for Linux GUI apps

Prerequisites

You will need to be on Windows 11 Build 22000 or higher to access this feature. You can join the Windows Insiders Program to get the latest preview builds.

Installed driver for vGPU

To run Linux GUI apps, you should first install the preview driver matching your system below. This will enable you to use a virtual GPU (vGPU) so you can benefit from hardware accelerated OpenGL rendering.

Fresh install — No prior WSL installation

If you have not already done so, install WSL and set up a user name and password for your Linux distribution.

Open a command prompt with administrator privileges.

Select Start, type PowerShell, right-click Windows PowerShell, and then select Run as administrator.

Run this command and reboot your machine when prompted:

Once your machine has finished rebooting, installation will continue and you will be asked to enter a username and password. This will be your Linux credential for the Ubuntu distribution.

You’re now ready to begin using Linux GUI apps on WSL!

Existing WSL install

If you already have WSL installed on your machine, you can update to the latest version that includes Linux GUI support by running the update command from an elevated command prompt.

Select Start, type PowerShell, right-click Windows PowerShell, and then select Run as administrator.

Enter the WSL update command:

You will need to restart WSL for the update to take effect. You can restart WSL by running the shutdown command in PowerShell.

Linux GUI apps are only supported with WSL 2 and will not work with a Linux distribution configured for WSL 1. Read about how to change your distribution from WSL 1 to WSL 2.

Run Linux GUI apps

You can run the following commands from your Linux terminal to download and install these popular Linux applications. If you are using a different distribution than Ubuntu, it may use a different package manager than apt. Once the Linux application is installed, you can find it in your Start menu under the distribution name. For example: Ubuntu -> Microsoft Edge .

Update the packages in your distribution

Install Gedit

Gedit is the default text editor of the GNOME desktop environment.

To launch your bashrc file in the editor, enter: gedit

Install GIMP

GIMP is a free and open-source raster graphics editor used for image manipulation and image editing, free-form drawing, transcoding between different image file formats, and more specialized tasks.

To launch, enter: gimp

Install Nautilus

Nautilus, also known as GNOME Files, is the file manager for the GNOME desktop. (Similiar to Windows File Explorer).

To launch, enter: nautilus

Install VLC

VLC is a free and open source cross-platform multimedia player and framework that plays most multimedia files.

To launch, enter: vlc

Install X11 apps

X11 is the Linux windowing system and this is a miscellaneous collection of apps and tools that ship with it, such as the xclock, xcalc calculator, xclipboard for cut and paste, xev for event testing, etc. See the x.org docs for more info.

To launch, enter the name of the tool you would like to use. For example:

Install Google Chrome for Linux

To install the Google Chrome for Linux:

1. Change directories into the temp folder: cd /tmp
2. Use wget to download it: sudo wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
3. Get the current stable version: sudo dpkg -i google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
4. Fix the package: sudo apt install —fix-broken -y
5. Configure the package: sudo dpkg -i google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb

To launch, enter: google-chrome

Install Microsoft Teams for Linux

To install Microsoft Teams for Linux:

1. Change directories into the temp folder: cd /tmp
2. Use curl to download the package: sudo curl -L -o «./teams.deb» «https://teams.microsoft.com/downloads/desktopurl?env=production&plat=linux&arch=x64&download=true&linuxArchiveType=deb»
3. Use apt to install it: sudo apt install ./teams.deb -y

To launch, enter: teams

Install Microsoft Edge browser for Linux

Find information on how to install the Microsoft Edge browser for Linux using the command line on the Edge Insider site. Select Get instructions under the Command line installation section of the page.

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запуск приложений с графическим интерфейсом Linux на подсистема Windows для Linux (предварительная версия)

теперь можно предварительно просмотреть подсистема Windows для Linux поддержку для запуска приложений с графическим пользовательским интерфейсом Linux (X11 и вайланд) на Windows в полностью интегрированном рабочем столе.

WSL 2 позволяет приложениям с графическим интерфейсом Linux работать в собственном и естественном виде для Windows.

• запуск приложений Linux из Windows меню
• закрепление приложений Linux на панели задач Windows
• используйте alt-tab для переключения между приложениями Linux и Windows
• вырезать и вставить в приложениях Windows и Linux

теперь вы можете интегрировать как Windows, так и приложения Linux в рабочий процесс для удобства работы с рабочим столом.

Установка поддержки для приложений с графическим интерфейсом Linux

Предварительные требования

чтобы получить доступ к этой функции, необходимо включить Windows 11 сборки 22000 или более поздней версии . вы можете присоединиться к программе «предварительные оценки» Windows , чтобы получить последние предварительные сборки.

Установленный драйвер для GPU

Чтобы запустить приложения для графического пользовательского интерфейса Linux, сначала необходимо установить драйвер предварительной версии, соответствующий вашей системе. Это позволит использовать виртуальный графический процессор (GPU), чтобы можно было воспользоваться преимуществами визуализации OpenGL с аппаратным ускорением.

Новая установка — нет предыдущей установки WSL

Установите WSL и настройте имя пользователя и пароль для дистрибутива Linux, если вы еще этого не сделали.

Откройте окно командной строки с правами администратора.

нажмите кнопку пуск, введите PowerShell, щелкните правой кнопкой мыши Windows PowerShell, а затем выберите запуск от имени администратора.

Выполните эту команду и перезагрузите компьютер при появлении запроса:

После завершения перезагрузки компьютера установка продолжится, и вам будет предложено ввести имя пользователя и пароль. Это будут учетные данные Linux для дистрибутива Ubuntu.

Теперь вы готовы приступить к использованию приложений с графическим интерфейсом Linux на WSL!

Существующая установка WSL

Если на компьютере уже установлен WSL, можно выполнить обновление до последней версии, которая включает поддержку графического пользовательского интерфейса Linux, выполнив команду Update из командной строки с повышенными привилегиями.

нажмите кнопку пуск, введите PowerShell, щелкните правой кнопкой мыши Windows PowerShell, а затем выберите запуск от имени администратора.

Введите команду WSL Update:

Чтобы обновление вступило в силу, необходимо перезапустить WSL. Вы можете перезапустить WSL, выполнив команду shutdown в PowerShell.

Приложения с графическим интерфейсом Linux поддерживаются только с WSL 2 и не будут работать с дистрибутивом Linux, настроенным для WSL 1. Узнайте , как изменить дистрибутив с WSL 1 на WSL 2.

Запуск приложений с графическим пользовательским интерфейсом Linux

Для загрузки и установки популярных приложений Linux можно выполнить следующие команды в терминале Linux. При использовании другого дистрибутива, отличного от Ubuntu, он может использовать диспетчер пакетов, отличный от apt. После установки приложения Linux его можно найти в меню » Пуск » под именем распространения. Например: Ubuntu -> Microsoft Edge .

Обновление пакетов в дистрибутиве

Установка Gedit

Gedit является текстовым редактором по умолчанию среды GNOME Desktop.

Чтобы запустить файл bashrc в редакторе, введите: gedit

Установка ГИМП

ГИМП — это свободный графический редактор с открытым исходным кодом, который используется для обработки изображений и редактирования изображений, рисования произвольной формы, перекодирования между различными форматами файлов изображений и более специализированных задач.

Для запуска введите: gimp

Установка Наутилус

Наутилус, также известные как файлы GNOME, — это диспетчер файлов для рабочего стола GNOME. (одинаковые в Windows Explorer).

Для запуска введите: nautilus

Установка Влк

Влк — это бесплатный мультимедийный проигрыватель и платформа с открытым исходным кодом, который воспроизводит большинство мультимедийных файлов.

Для запуска введите: vlc

Установка приложений X11

X11 — это система окон Linux, которая представляет собой набор приложений и средств, поставляемых с ней, таких как ксклокк, кскалк калькулятор, ксклипбоард для вырезания и вставки, Ксев для тестирования событий и т. д. Дополнительные сведения см. в документации по x.org .

Для запуска введите имя инструмента, который вы хотите использовать. Вот несколько примеров.

Установка Google Chrome для Linux

Чтобы установить Google Chrome для Linux, выполните следующие действия.

1. Измените каталоги во временную папку: cd /tmp
2. Используйте wget, чтобы скачать его: sudo wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
3. Получить текущую стабильную версию: sudo dpkg -i google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
4. Исправьте пакет: sudo apt install —fix-broken -y
5. Настройте пакет: sudo dpkg -i google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb

Для запуска введите: google-chrome

установка Microsoft Teams для Linux

установка Microsoft Teams для Linux:

1. Измените каталоги во временную папку: cd /tmp
2. Используйте фигурную скобку для скачивания пакета: sudo curl -L -o «./teams.deb» «https://teams.microsoft.com/downloads/desktopurl?env=production&plat=linux&arch=x64&download=true&linuxArchiveType=deb»
3. Для установки используйте apt: sudo apt install ./teams.deb -y

Для запуска введите: teams

установка обозревателя Microsoft Edge для Linux

сведения о том, как установить браузер Microsoft Edge для Linux, можно найти с помощью командной строки на сайте предварительнойверсии. Выберите получить инструкции в разделе Установка командной строки на странице.

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How To Run Windows Applications On Linux [Beginners Guide]

Last updated September 12, 2019 By Munif Tanjim 42 Comments

As you’re here, I’m going to assume that you’re a Linux user. And every once in a while, you find yourself asking: can I run windows applications on Linux?.

Answer to that question is yes. Yes, you can run Windows applications in Linux. Here are some of the ways for running Windows programs with Linux :

Both of them works just fine. But they are somewhat resource hungry.

If you only need to use a small Windows application, installing Windows on a separate HDD partition or as a Virtual Machine is not efficient. Moreover, Virtual Machine can’t utilize the total power of your machine. So, what is the solution?

No worries, there is another way to use Windows software on Linux. It’s called Wine. If you aren’t yet familiar with it or you are a beginner in the world of Linux, this article is for you.

In this beginner’s guide, I’ll show you what is Wine and how to use it to run Windows software on Linux. I have used Ubuntu here as Ubuntu is one of the best Linux distros for beginners, but any other Linux distribution will have more or less same steps (except for the commands in Arch or Fedora based distros).

Using Wine to run Windows programs in Linux

Wine stands for Wine Is Not an Emulator. And WINE is actually an acronym for that. And as previously stated, it’s not even a virtual machine.

Rather it is a compatibility layer for running Windows applications on UNIX-like or POSIX-compliant operating systems (e.g. Linux, Mac, BSD). While a virtual machine or emulator simulates internal Windows logic, Wine translates those Windows logic to native UNIX/POSIX-complaint logic.

In simple and non-technical words, Wine converts internal Windows commands to commands your Linux system can natively understand.

Installing Wine

There are various ways to install Wine on your system. As this is a beginners’ guide, I’ll describe the most straightforward one here.

Almost all the Linux distros come with Wine in their package repository. Most of the time the latest stable version of Wine is available via package repository. Installing Wine on Ubuntu is as easy as firing up a terminal and running these commands:

However, if you are using an 64bit installation of Ubuntu, you will need to run these additional commands:

This will add 32bit architecture support on your distro which will benefit you in installing specific software. If you don’t know whether you have a 32bit installation or 64bit, check this article: 32bit or 64bit Ubuntu?

What Windows applications are Supported by Wine?

There is a large number of Windows applications that are currently fully supported by Wine. They will run without any hassle.

However, new Windows applications are being developed every day. Many of them wouldn’t function as we want on Wine. But the development pace of Wine is also rapid, support for new applications is being added all the time.

And there is a dedicated database for keeping track of just that.

Wine Application Database has almost 24,000 applications rated with different status depending upon how well that applications run in Wine. If you want to quickly check the rating of the application you want to use in Wine, you can take a look there. Here are the meaning of those ratings:

• Platinum: These applications install and run flawlessly in out-of-the-box Wine.
• Gold: These applications work flawlessly with some special configuration.
• Silver: Applications with minor issues are tagged as Silver.
• Bronze: The Bronze ones have major issues that seriously affect usage.
• Garbage: These simply won’t run on Wine.

Reviews, Installation Procedure, which Wine version it was tested against and various useful data are also available for each application here.

Of course, Wine Application Database is mostly user-generated data, so you are always welcome to try running an application with a different version of Wine and share your result with rest of the community.

Finding an Application in Wine Application Database

Let’s see how we can find an application in Wine Application Database.

Go to Wine Application Database. Click Browse Apps from the left sidebar.

Finding an App in Wine AppDB

Write the name of the application you want to find in the Name field.

Wine AppDB name filter

Click on the link to the application from the search result.

You’ll see a description of the application. There will be a list of various versions with their compatibility rating with a specific Wine version.

Wine AppDB Application page

Let’s click on the latest version link.

This is the main page you need to check. There will be detailed information about that specific version.

Detailed Information about Application

You’ll get an idea of what will work and what will not. Also, the installation procedure will be included here if any additional tasks are needed for installation.

Getting Started with Wine

Before we go on installing and running applications in Wine, we should have clear idea about a few things and about how to configure Wine for usage:

WinePrefix

Windows applications need a C: drive. Wine uses a virtual C: drive for this purpose. The directory of this virtual C: drive is called wineprefix. First of all, we need to create a wineprefix. For doing that, fire up a terminal and enter this command:

This will create a wineprefix and open the configuration window for Wine. You can change the configuration options if you want or let it be as is for time being and close it. Now, you can locate the virtual C: drive at

WinePrefix C: Drive

The general rule is to install each new application into a fresh wineprefix. We can create and maintain multiple wineprefix manually. But that task would seem rather tedious for the beginners. So, we will skip that part for now. But, later I’m going to show the way for doing that part with ease.

Installing an Application with Wine

Installing a supported application in Wine is generally as easy as double-clicking on the installation file. However, we are now going to see a step-by-step guide for installing 7-zip on Wine.

First of all, check for 7-zip rating on Wine Application Database. It has Platinum rating, so we are good to go. Open Wine configuration ( winecfg ) and set the Windows Version to Windows 7.

Right-click on the 7-zip installation file and select Open With Wine Windows Program Loader.

7-zip Installation File

See that destination folder path? 7-zip installation has recognized the virtual C: drive from wineprefix.

7zip Setup Directory on Wine

Finish the installation and go to the installation directory [ $HOME/.wine/drive_c/Program Files/7-zip/ ] from the file browser.

Right-click on 7zFM.exe and go to Properties > Open With.

Set Default .exe Loader

Select Wine Windows Program Loader and close the window. Double-click on 7zFM.exe.

And there you go! For creating a shortcut on your desktop, right click on the file.

Creating 7-zip shortcut

Now move the Link to Desktop.

Move shortcut to Desktop

Now, you can run 7-zip just from your desktop. All you have to do is double-click on the icon.

Run 7zip from desktop

If you want to access your files on Linux, they are generally located in Z: Drive.

Linux directory in Z: drive

You can use the 7-zip just as you would use it on Windows – for extracting and creating archives and such.

Let’s make things (a lot) Easier

You might have noticed that, at Wine Application Database, with every version of application review a specific Wine version is mentioned.

It is because of the rapid development rate of Wine. Though an application runs with the current version of Wine, it might not run with a future version, because of the changes made.

Also, I’ve mentioned about installing each application in its own fresh wineprefix. So that, an application has no chance of interfering with another. And doing all these manually, usually from the terminal, is time-consuming, tiresome and at times, confusing.

PlayOnLinux is here to rescue. It provides a nice interface for doing all these things easily. For installing PlayOnLinux on Ubuntu, simply run this command:

You can easily perform every task related to Wine with PlayOnLinux from a beautiful and intuitive graphical interface:

• Installing & Uninstalling applications.
• Creating, Updating & Removing wineprefixes.
• Maintain Wine of different architecture and versions.
• Run & Create shortcut for installed applications.
• And so on…

But still, you will need to check Wine Application Database for reviews, installation procedures and such.

Advantages of using Wine

When it comes to running Windows applications on Linux system, Wine provides many advantages over using emulators or virtual machines.

• Performance: Wine is immune to the performance loss that otherwise occurs while emulating.
• Native Experience: There is no need to open Wine before running a Windows application. Exactly how Wine works will be more clear from this quote from official site,

Wine can be thought of as a Windows emulator in much the same way that Windows Vista can be thought of as a Windows XP emulator: both allow you to run the same applications by translating system calls in much the same way. Setting Wine to mimic Windows XP is not much different from setting Vista to launch an application in XP compatibility mode.

Wine Derivatives

There are quite a number of projects for running Windows applications on other platforms, based on Wine:

• CrossOver: CrossOver is a developed by the company named CodeWeavers. It is directly based on Wine with a few tweaks and proprietary add-ons. In fact, CodeWeavers employs a large portion of Wine developers. Unlike the rapid releases of Wine, CrossOver releases are more stable. The one and major downside is that Crossover is not free.
• PlayOnLinux: PlayOnLinux is completely based on Wine. And provides easier route for installing and managing application with Wine. PlayOnLinux is free.
  It is also available for Mac as PlayOnMac.
• ReactOS: ReactOS is an entirely different open-source operating system for running Windows applications. It reuses a considerable amount of codes from Wine. However, this is a project under development for more than a decade and I won’t recommend it.

Additional Tips on using Wine

Winetricks

This is another important part of using Wine. Winetricks is a helper script to download and install various redistributable runtime libraries needed to run some applications in Wine. These may include replacements for components of Wine using closed source libraries. Winetricks comes with Wine installation on Ubuntu.

For starting winetricks, run this command:

There are many options for helping you with various tasks.

Installing an Application with Winetricks

If you Install an app from winetricks, it will be installed in a separate wineprefix. Let’s install VLC:

Winetricks – Install an app

Winetricks – Install VLC

It will then begin to download the VLC installation files. And then guide you through the rest of the process. It’s pretty simple.

Install Windows DLL or components and others

You can select a wineprefix from winetricks and install various libraries and components required by the application you want to run and also perform other operations.

Winetricks Libraries & Components

N.B.: If using winetricks seems complicated to you, it’s perfectly okay. I feel the same way too. I always use PlayOnLinux for this reason. PlayOnLinux can do everything you might need to do from winetricks.

For more information you can check Wine FAQ and Documentation.

I hope you find this complete beginner’s guide to using Wine in Linux helpful. Now you can run Windows programs in Linux without installing a virtual machine or dual booting.

Let us know if you have any questions or opinion in the comment section below.

Like what you read? Please share it with others.

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