Linux extending extended partition

Расширение диска или раздела Linux

В инструкции рассмотрены сценарии расширения дискового пространства разделов в Linux без потери информации.

Принцип увеличения диска:

1. Расширение раздела.
2. Изменение размера файловой системы.

В зависимости от типа раздела и файловой системы, действия различаются.

Любая работа с диском несет риск потери информации. Перед началом работ убедитесь в наличие резервных копий ценных данных.

Шаг 1. Расширение раздела

Обычные тома

Допустим, есть диск /dev/sdb и раздел /dev/sdb2, который нужно увеличить.

Сначала необходимо отмонтировать раздел:

В случае работы с корневой директорией, отмонтировать ее не получиться. В таком случае необходимо загрузить компьютер с LiveCD.

Подключаемся утилитой fdisk к /dev/sdb:

Если мы работаем с разделом более чем 2Тб, используем утилиту parted.

Смотрим номера разделов:

Удаляем раздел (не переживайте — все данные сохраняются):

* в моем примере, раздел для удаления на второй позиции.

Создаем новый раздел:

Номер раздела — 2:

На запрос начального и конечного секторов просто нажимаем Enter.

Если раздел был загрузочный, добавляем соответствующий флаг:

Еще раз проверяем, что получилось:

LVM-тома расширяются на лету, даже для корневых разделов. В данном примере, работаем с /dev/sda.

Открываем диск утилитой fdisk:

* напомню, что при работе с диском 2Тб и более, следует использовать утилиту parted.

Создаем еще один раздел:

Номер раздела оставляем тот, который предлагает система (просто нажимаем Enter).

Первый и последний сектора также оставляем по умолчанию для использования всего дискового пространства (еще два раза Enter).

Задаем тип раздела:

Выбираем номер раздела (в моем примере создавался раздел 3):

Командой L можно посмотреть список всех типов, но нас интересует конкретный — LVM (8e):

Проинформируем систему, что в таблице разделов произошли изменения:

Создаем физический том из нового раздела:

Смотрим наши Volume Group и для нужного добавляем созданный том:

vgextend vg_centos /dev/sda3

* в моем примере группа томов LVM называется vg_centos

Смотрим LVM-разделы и расширяем пространства для нужного:

lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/vg_centos/lv_root

* данная команда расширяем LVM-раздел /dev/vg_centos/lv_root, используя все свободное пространство (100%FREE).

Шаг 2. Изменение размера для файловой системы

После того, как на предыдущем шаге мы расширили раздел, система по-прежнему будет видеть старый по объему диск. Чтобы это исправить, необходимо выполнить команду по изменению размера файловой системы. В зависимости от последней, команды различаются.

Посмотреть файловую систему:

ext2/ext3/ext4:

XFS:

Reiserfs:

* обратите внимание, что в данных примерах используются различные устройства.

Если раздел был отмонтирован, монтируем его, например:

mount /dev/sda2 /mnt

Проверяем, что настройки применились:

Увеличение разделов с Gparted

Если работы выполняются на системе с графическим интерфейсом или есть возможность перезагрузить сервер и загрузиться с LiveCD, можно воспользоваться простым средством — утилитой Gparted, которая позволяем менять размер разделов мышкой.

Запускаем утилиту — выбираем диск, с которым будем работать — кликаем правой кнопкой по разделу, который хотим увеличить и выбираем Resize/Move:

В открывшемся окне с помощью мышки или форм меняем размер раздела:

Нажимаем кнопку Resize/Move.

Проверяем изменения в окне программы и сохраняем настройки кнопкой «Apply All Operations»:

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2 easy methods to extend/shrink resize primary partition in Linux

Table of Contents

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Earlier I had shared steps to create a file system and check file system type in Linux . Now in this article I will share the steps to resize primary partition, here we will extend non lvm root partition. With LVM it is far more easier and less riskier to change size of partition in an volume group in Linux .

• This article covers steps to resize primary partition (non-lvm) which can be dangerous and can leave your Linux system in an unusable broken state. It is important that you backup your content before you attempt to change size of partition.
• You can change size of partition (non-lvm) only on the last partition on the storage device with unallocated space. If the respective partition is not the last partition then the only way to expand partition is to backup your data , rebuild the disk and partitions, then restore the data. No tool such as gparted, parted or fdisk can help you change size of partition in such case.
• You must have some unallocated space or free space available in the concerned device to be able to expand partition. In some of the virtual environment you have an option to change the storage device size but on physical node if there is no enough unallocated space then resize primary partition (extend non lvm root partition) is not possible
• This article assumes you’re using either a GPT partition table, or an msdos partition table using primary partition types to extend non lvm root partition.

Lab Environment to resize primary partition (RHEL/CentOS 7/8) in Linux

I have performed resize primary partition operation on Virtual Machine running on Oracle VirtualBox installed on Linux server . My VM is running with CentOS 8 but I have also verified these steps on RHEL/CentOS 7 and RHEL 8 Linux.

Here my VM is installed on /dev/sda device where /dev/sda1 is boot partition, /dev/sda2 is root while /dev/sda3 is for swap.. Additionally I have left some unallocated free space in /dev/sda for the demonstration of this article to extend non lvm root partition.

Method 1: Change size of partition using parted CLI utility

You can either use gparted (GUI utility) or parted (CLI utility) to change size of partition in Linux. Here we plan to resize primary partition which in our case is /dev/sda.

List available partitions

To list the available partitions in /dev/sda we will execute below command

As I mentioned in the disclaimer section, you can change size of partition only on the last partition of the device but here root partition ( /dev/sda2 ) is not the last one instead swap ( /dev/sda3 ) is my last partition. So to expand root partition I must delete swap device to be able to to use unallocated space and extend non lvm root partition. After deleting swap, root partition will become the last partition on /dev/sda after which we can resize primary partition.

Disable swap partition

Currently I have around 1GB reserved for swap partition

I will turn off my swap (disable swap partition) and use this space to extend non lvm root partition in Linux

Verify the swap partition space, as you see not it is 0

Update /etc/fstab to make sure swap partition is not mounted at boot up stage.

Delete swap and expand partition

Now to resize primary partition /dev/sda2 and expand partition to a new value we must first delete swap partition using parted utility. As we need root partition to be the last partition of /dev/sda before we expand partition.

But our root partition is showing the same size as earlier i.e.

To complete the steps to resize non lvm root partition, execute resizefs to expand partition and refresh the changes

Re-verify the new size of root partition to make sure our steps to extend non lvm root partition was successful.

Re-create swap partition

Now we must create Swap partition which we deleted earlier in this article. We will again use parted utility to create swap partition

Now with parted we only created a partition with file system type as swap. Use mkswap to turn this partition into swap.

Next we must update /etc/fstab with the UUID of our new swap partition. To get the new UUID of swap partition

Update this UUID in /etc/fstab as shown below

Finally turn on the new swap partition

Verify the new swap partition

Now you can reboot your Linux server to make sure everything is OK and resize primary partition was successful.

Method 2: Change size of partition using fdisk utility

Similar to parted command, you can also use fdisk utility to resize primary partition and extend non lvm root partition.

List available partitions

Before we resize primary partition, let us list the available partitions

Now as you see my existing root partition /dev/sda2 size is

10G . Here we will expand partition with +1GB using unallocated disk space from /dev/sda .

Delete swap partition

Currently my swap partition is enabled and is the last partition of /dev/sda . So we must first delete swap partition here before we change size of partition as we need root to be the last partition in /dev/sda

So we will turn off the swap partition before we disable it

Now it is time to use fdisk utility to resize partition

Part 1 — Resize root partition

We will continue with the steps to extend non lvm root partition in the same fdisk session. Note down the start sector of the root partition before you expand partition.

Create swap partition

After we resize primary partition, in the same fdisk session we will also create a new swap partition which we had deleted initially with new start and end sector

Update the kernel regarding the recent changes we did to change size of partition

But our swap partition is still shown as 0

Now let us complete our steps to create swap partition using mkswap

Next update /etc/fstab with the UUID for your new swap partition. You can use blkid to get the UUID

Update the same in /etc/fstab as shown below

Now you can turn on the swap partition

Verify the same using free command

Part 2 — Resize root partition

If not done already in above steps, once you exit fdisk utility, update the kernel regarding the recent changes we did to change size of partition

We are not done with resize primary partition, as df command still shows old partition size for root partition

Execute resize2fs to expand partition on /dev/sda2 with the new changes

Now you can verify the new size of root partition

Lastly I hope the steps from the article to resize primary partition and extend non lvm root partition on RHEL/CentOS 7/8 Linux was helpful. So, let me know your suggestions and feedback using the comment section.

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Linux / UNIX : How to create extended partition using fdisk

Whats is a disk partition

Partitioning divides a disk drive into one or more logical disks. Each partition is treated as a separate disk with its own file system. Partition information is stored in a partition table. There are 2 types of partitions that can be created using the fdisk utility :

1. Primary Partitions
2. Extended Partitions

Primary Vs extended partitions

– The original partitioning scheme for PC hard disks allowed only four partitions, called primary partitions.
– To create more than four partitions, one of these four partitions can be divided into many smaller partitions, called logical partitions. When a primary partition is subdivided in this way, it is known as an extended partition.

Creating extended partition using fdisk

We will assume that you are creating the first extended partition on the disk. To get a listing of your current partition scheme use ‘fdisk -l’.

1. Use the option n in the fdisk command to create your first extended partition on the disk /dev/sdc.

2. Next create your extended partition by selecting ‘e‘. It will automatically select the next available partition on the drive. In our case the next available partition is 2.

3. Now, we have to select the stating point for our partition. By default the system will choose the next available cylinder on the disk. You can press enter here to select the default value.

4. On the next step, you can select the size of your new partition, for example, to make a 1 GB partition you would set the command: +1024M.

5. This will then take you back to the command line where you can see your newly created partition. The last line is the newly created extended partition as you can see it is listed in blocks rather than megabytes and the partition ID type automatically defaults to Extended which will allow you to create your filesystem on that partition.

6. Finally save and exit fdisk with the write/quit command (w). Changes will be permanent after this command is executed.

7. Run the partprobe command to scan the newly modified partition table:

If partprobe does not identify the newly modified table then a reboot will be required. You can also run the command “fdisk -l” to verify the new partition.

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