Linux find files with path

How to Find Files in Linux Using the Command Line

When you have to find a file in Linux, it’s sometimes not as easy as finding a file in another operating system. This is especially true if you are running Linux without a graphical user interface and need to rely on the command line. This article covers the basics of how to find a file in Linux using the CLI. The find command in Linux is used to find a file (or files) by recursively filtering objects in the file system based on a simple conditional mechanism. You can use the find command to search for a file or directory on your file system. By using the -exec flag ( find -exec ), files can be found and immediately processed within the same command.

Find a File in Linux by Name or Extension

Use find from the command line to locate a specific file by name or extension. The following example searches for *.err files in the /home/username/ directory and all sub-directories:

Using Common find Commands and Syntax to Find a File in Linux

find expressions take the following form:

• The options attribute will control the find process’s behavior and optimization method.
• The starting/path attribute will define the top-level directory where find begins filtering.
• The expression attribute controls the tests that search the directory hierarchy to produce output.

Consider the following example command:

This command enables the maximum optimization level (-O3) and allows find to follow symbolic links ( -L ). find searches the entire directory tree beneath /var/www/ for files that end with .html .

Basic Examples

Command	Description
find . -name testfile.txt	Find a file called testfile.txt in current and sub-directories.
find /home -name *.jpg	Find all .jpg files in the /home and sub-directories.
find . -type f -empty	Find an empty file within the current directory.
find /home -user exampleuser -mtime -7 -iname «.db»	Find all .db files (ignoring text case) modified in the last 7 days by a user named exampleuser.

Options and Optimization for find

The default configuration for find will ignore symbolic links (shortcut files). If you want find to follow and return symbolic links, you can add the -L option to the command, as shown in the example above.

find optimizes its filtering strategy to increase performance. Three user-selectable optimization levels are specified as -O1 , -O2 , and -O3 . The -O1 optimization is the default and forces find to filter based on filename before running all other tests.

Optimization at the -O2 level prioritizes file name filters, as in -O1 , and then runs all file-type filtering before proceeding with other more resource-intensive conditions. Level -O3 optimization allows find to perform the most severe optimization and reorders all tests based on their relative expense and the likelihood of their success.

Command	Description
-O1	(Default) filter based on file name first.
-O2	File name first, then file type.
-O3	Allow find to automatically re-order the search based on efficient use of resources and likelihood of success.
-maxdepth X	Search current directory as well as all sub-directories X levels deep.
-iname	Search without regard for text case.
-not	Return only results that do not match the test case.
-type f	Search for files.
-type d	Search for directories.

Find a File in Linux by Modification Time

The find command contains the ability to filter a directory hierarchy based on when the file was last modified:

The first command returns a list of all files in the entire file system that end with the characters conf and modified in the last seven days. The second command filters exampleuser user’s home directory for files with names that end with the characters conf and modified in the previous three days.

Use grep to Find a File in Linux Based on Content

The find command can only filter the directory hierarchy based on a file’s name and metadata. If you need to search based on the file’s content, use a tool like grep . Consider the following example:

This searches every object in the current directory hierarchy ( . ) that is a file ( -type f ) and then runs the command grep «example» for every file that satisfies the conditions. The files that match are printed on the screen ( -print ). The curly braces ( <> ) are a placeholder for the find match results. The <> are enclosed in single quotes ( ‘ ) to avoid handing grep a malformed file name. The -exec command is terminated with a semicolon ( ; ), which should be escaped ( \; ) to avoid interpretation by the shell.

How to Find and Process a File in Linux

The -exec option runs commands against every object that matches the find expression. Consider the following example:

This filters every object in the current hierarchy ( . ) for files named rc.conf and runs the chmod o+r command to modify the find results’ file permissions.

The commands run with the -exec are executed in the find process’s root directory. Use -execdir to perform the specified command in the directory where the match resides. This may alleviate security concerns and produce a more desirable performance for some operations.

The -exec or -execdir options run without further prompts. If you prefer to be prompted before action is taken, replace -exec with -ok or -execdir with -okdir .

How to Find and Delete a File in Linux

To delete the files that end up matching your search, you can add -delete at the end of the expression. Do this only when you are positive the results will only match the files you wish to delete.

In the following example, find locates all files in the hierarchy starting at the current directory and fully recursing into the directory tree. In this example, find will delete all files that end with the characters .err :

More Information

You may wish to consult the following resources for additional information on this topic. While these are provided in the hope that they will be useful, please note that we cannot vouch for the accuracy or timeliness of externally hosted materials.

This page was originally published on Monday, October 25, 2010.

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Команда find в Linux

Очень важно уметь вовремя и очень быстро найти нужную информацию в системе. Конечно, все современные файловые менеджеры предлагают отличные функции поиска, но им не сравнится с поиском в терминале Linux. Он намного эффективнее и гибче обычного поиска, вы можете искать файлы не только по имени, но и по дате добавления, содержимому, а также использовать для поиска регулярные выражения. Кроме того, с найденными файлами можно сразу же выполнять необходимые действия.

В этой статье мы поговорим о поиске с помощью очень мощной команды find Linux, подробно разберем ее синтаксис, опции и рассмотрим несколько примеров.

Основная информация о Find

Find — это одна из наиболее важных и часто используемых утилит системы Linux. Это команда для поиска файлов и каталогов на основе специальных условий. Ее можно использовать в различных обстоятельствах, например, для поиска файлов по разрешениям, владельцам, группам, типу, размеру и другим подобным критериям.

Утилита find предустановлена по умолчанию во всех Linux дистрибутивах, поэтому вам не нужно будет устанавливать никаких дополнительных пакетов. Это очень важная находка для тех, кто хочет использовать командную строку наиболее эффективно.

Команда find имеет такой синтаксис:

find [ папка] [ параметры] критерий шаблон [действие]

Папка — каталог в котором будем искать

Параметры — дополнительные параметры, например, глубина поиска, и т д

Критерий — по какому критерию будем искать: имя, дата создания, права, владелец и т д.

Шаблон — непосредственно значение по которому будем отбирать файлы.

Основные параметры команды find

Я не буду перечислять здесь все параметры, рассмотрим только самые полезные.

• -P никогда не открывать символические ссылки
• -L — получает информацию о файлах по символическим ссылкам. Важно для дальнейшей обработки, чтобы обрабатывалась не ссылка, а сам файл.
• -maxdepth — максимальная глубина поиска по подкаталогам, для поиска только в текущем каталоге установите 1.
• -depth — искать сначала в текущем каталоге, а потом в подкаталогах
• -mount искать файлы только в этой файловой системе.
• -version — показать версию утилиты find
• -print — выводить полные имена файлов
• -type f — искать только файлы
• -type d — поиск папки в Linux

Критерии

Критериев у команды find в Linux очень много, и мы опять же рассмотрим только основные.

• -name — поиск файлов по имени
• -perm — поиск файлов в Linux по режиму доступа
• -user — поиск файлов по владельцу
• -group — поиск по группе
• -mtime — поиск по времени модификации файла
• -atime — поиск файлов по дате последнего чтения
• -nogroup — поиск файлов, не принадлежащих ни одной группе
• -nouser — поиск файлов без владельцев
• -newer — найти файлы новее чем указанный
• -size — поиск файлов в Linux по их размеру

Примеры использования

А теперь давайте рассмотрим примеры find, чтобы вы лучше поняли, как использовать эту утилиту.

1. Поиск всех файлов

Показать все файлы в текущей директории:

2. Поиск файлов в определенной папке

Показать все файлы в указанной директории:

Искать файлы по имени в текущей папке:

Не учитывать регистр при поиске по имени:

find . -iname «test*»

3. Ограничение глубины поиска

Поиска файлов по имени в Linux только в этой папке:

find . -maxdepth 1 -name «*.php»

4. Инвертирование шаблона

Найти файлы, которые не соответствуют шаблону:

find . -not -name «test*»

5. Несколько критериев

Поиск командой find в Linux по нескольким критериям, с оператором исключения:

find . -name «test» -not -name «*.php»

Найдет все файлы, начинающиеся на test, но без расширения php. А теперь рассмотрим оператор ИЛИ:

find -name «*.html» -o -name «*.php»

6. Несколько каталогов

Искать в двух каталогах одновременно:

find ./test ./test2 -type f -name «*.c»

7. Поиск скрытых файлов

Найти скрытые файлы:

8. Поиск по разрешениям

Найти файлы с определенной маской прав, например, 0664:

find . type f -perm 0664

Найти файлы с установленным флагом suid/guid:

find / -perm 2644

find / -maxdepth 2 -perm /u=s

Поиск файлов только для чтения:

find /etc -maxdepth 1 -perm /u=r

Найти только исполняемые файлы:

find /bin -maxdepth 2 -perm /a=x

9. Поиск файлов в группах и пользователях

Найти все файлы, принадлежащие пользователю:

find . -user sergiy

Поиск файлов в Linux принадлежащих группе:

find /var/www -group developer

10. Поиск по дате модификации

Поиск файлов по дате в Linux осуществляется с помощью параметра mtime. Найти все файлы модифицированные 50 дней назад:

Поиск файлов в Linux открытых N дней назад:

Найти все файлы, модифицированные между 50 и 100 дней назад:

find / -mtime +50 –mtime -100

Найти файлы измененные в течении часа:

11. Поиск файлов по размеру

Найти все файлы размером 50 мегабайт:

От пятидесяти до ста мегабайт:

find / -size +50M -size -100M

Найти самые маленькие файлы:

find . -type f -exec ls -s <> \; | sort -n -r | head -5

find . -type f -exec ls -s <> \; | sort -n | head -5

12. Поиск пустых файлов и папок

find /tmp -type f -empty

13. Действия с найденными файлами

Для выполнения произвольных команд для найденных файлов используется опция -exec. Например, выполнить ls для получения подробной информации о каждом файле:

find . -exec ls -ld <> \;

Удалить все текстовые файлы в tmp

find /tmp -type f -name «*.txt» -exec rm -f <> \;

Удалить все файлы больше 100 мегабайт:

find /home/bob/dir -type f -name *.log -size +100M -exec rm -f <> \;

Выводы

Вот и подошла к концу эта небольшая статья, в которой была рассмотрена команда find. Как видите, это одна из наиболее важных команд терминала Linux, позволяющая очень легко получить список нужных файлов. Ее желательно знать всем системным администраторам. Если вам нужно искать именно по содержимому файлов, то лучше использовать команду grep.

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How To Find a File In Linux From the Command Line

Need to know how to find a file in Linux? Well, surprise, surprise, you’re going to need the find command in Linux to scour your directory or file system. The Linux find command can filter objects recursively using a simple conditional mechanism, and if you use the -exec flag, you’ll also be able to find a file in Linux straightaway and process it without needing to use another command.

Locate Linux Files by Their Name or Extension

Typical Linux Find Commands and Syntax

find command expressions look like this:

find command options starting/path expression

The options attribute controls the behavior and optimization method of the find process. The starting/path attribute defines the top-level directory where the find command in Linux begins the filtering process. The expression attribute controls the assessments that scour the directory tree to create output.

Let’s break down a Linux find command where we don’t just want Linux find file by name:

find -O3 -L /var/www/ -name «*.html»

It enables the top-level optimization (-O3) and permits find to follow symbolic links (-L). The find command in Linux searches through the whole directory hierarchy under /var/www/ for files that have .html on the end.

Basic Examples

1. find . -name thisfile.txt

If you need to know how to find a file in Linux called thisfile.txt, it will look for it in current and sub-directories.

2. find /home -name *.jpg

Look for all .jpg files in the /home and directories below it.

3. find . -type f -empty

Look for an empty file inside the current directory.

4. find /home -user randomperson-mtime 6 -iname «.db»

Look for all .db files (ignoring text case) that have been changed in the preceding 6 days by a user called randomperson.

Options and Optimization for Find Command for Linux

find is configured to ignore symbolic links (shortcut files) by default. If you’d like the find command to follow and show symbolic links, just add the -L option to the command, as we did in this example.

find can help Linux find file by name. The Linux find command enhances its approach to filtering so that performance is optimised. The user can find a file in Linux by selecting three stages of optimisation-O1, -O2, and -O3. -O1 is the standard setting and it causes find to filter according to filename before it runs any other tests.

-O2 filters by name and type of file before carrying on with more demanding filters to find a file in Linux. Level -O3 reorders all tests according to their relative expense and how likely they are to succeed.

• -O1 – (Default) filter based on file name first
• -O2 – File name first, then file-type
• -O3 – Allow find to automatically re-order the search based on efficient use of resources and likelihood of success
• -maxdepth X – Search this directory along with all sub-directories to a level of X
• -iname – Search while ignoring text case.
• -not – Only produce results that don’t match the test case
• -type f – Look for files
• -type d – Look for directories

Find Files by When They Were Modified

The Linux find command contains the ability to filter a directory hierarchy based on when the file was last modified:

find / -name «*jpg» -mtime 5

find /home/randomuser/ -name «*jpg» -mtime 4

The initial Linux find command pulls up a list of files in the whole system that end with the characters jpg and have been modified in the preceding 5 days. The next one filters randomuser’s home directory for files with names that end with the characters “conf” and have been modified in the preceding 4 days.

Use Grep to Find Files Based on Content

The find command in Linux is great but it can only filter the directory tree according to filename and meta data. To search files based on what they contain you’ll need a tool like grep. Take a look:

find . -type f -exec grep «forinstance» ‘<>‘ \; -print

This goes through every object in the current directory tree (.) that’s a file (-type f) and then runs grep ” forinstance ” for every file that matches, then prints them on the screen (-print). The curly braces (<>) are a placeholder for those results matched by the Linux find command. The <> go inside single quotes (‘) so that grep isn’t given a misshapen file name. The -exec command is ended with a semicolon (;), which also needs an escape (\;) so that it doesn’t end up being interpreted by the shell.

Before -exec was implemented, xargs would have been used to create the same kind of output:

find . -type f -print | xargs grep «forinstance»

How to Locate and Process Files Using the Find Command in Linux

The -exec option runs commands against every object that matches the find expression. Let’s see how that looks:

This filters all objects in the current directory tree (.) for files named rc.conf and runs the chmod o+r command to alter file permissions of the results that find returns.

The root directory of the Linux is where the commands that -exec runs are executed. Use -execdir to execute the command you want in the directory where the match is sitting, because this might be more secure and improve performance under certain circumstances.

The -exec or -execdir options will continue to run on their own, but if you’d like to see prompts before they do anything, swap out -exec -ok or -execdir for -okdir.

How To Manage Files Using Plesk?

Let’s say you have a website that’s all ready to go on your laptop/desktop and you’d like to use File Manager to upload it to the Plesk on Linux server:

1. On your machine, you’ll need to take the folder with all of your website’s files on it and add it to a compressed archive in one of the usual formats (ZIP, RAR, TAR, TGZ, or TAR.GZ).
2. In Plesk, go to Files, click the httpdocs folder to open it, click Upload, choose the archive file, and then click Open.
3. As soon as you’ve uploaded it, click in the checkbox you see alongside and then on Extract Files.

How to Edit Files in File Manager

File Manager lets you edit your website pages by default. To do this you can use:

• An HTML editor or a “what-you-see-is-what-you-get” style of editor, which is a nice option because it adds the HTML tags for you. If you aren’t all that confident with HTML then this can be a helpful option.
• Code editor. When you open HTML files with this one you’ll be presented with text where the HTML syntax is highlighted. If you’re comfortable with adding HTML tags yourself then code editor is for you.
• Text editor. HTML files are opened as ordinary text with this one.

Your Plesk administrator may have already et up the Rich Editor extension, in which case you can use it for HTML file editing. Rich Editor works in a what-you-see-is-what-you-get fashion, just like Code Editor, although it’s better specced with features like a spellchecker for instance.

Here’s how to use File Manager to edit a file:

1. Put the cursor over the file and the line that corresponds with it will show a highlight.
2. Open the context menu for the file by clicking on it.
3. Click Edit in … Editor (this will vary depending on your chosen editor).

How to Change Permissions with File Manager

There are some web pages and files that you don’t necessarily want to share with the world, and that’s where altering their permissions settings can come in handy.

To achieve this, find the item you want to restrict Internet access for like this:

1. Place your cursor over it and wait for the highlight to appear as in the previous example.
2. Click on the file to open its context menu and do the same again on Change Permissions.
3. Make your change and then hit OK. If you’d like to find out more about how to look at and alter permissions in Setting File and Directory Access Permissions.

File Manager’s default approach is to change permissions in a non-recursive manner, so consequently, sub-files and directories don’t aren’t affected by the changed permissions of the higher-level directories they belong to. With Plesk for Linux, you can make File Manager modify permissions in a recursive manner, assuming that your Plesk administrator set up the Permissions Recursive extension and that you understand the octal notation of file permissions.

To enable recursive editing of access permissions:

1. Place the cursor over the directory and wait for the highlight.
2. Click to open its context menu and then again on Set Permissions Recursive.
3. Now you can edit them. “Folder Permissions” is talking about the higher-level directory and any of its associated sub-directories. “File Permissions” applies to sub-files in this instance.
4. When you’ve completed your permission amendments, click OK.

File Search in File Manager

You’ve got a little bit of latitude with file searches. You can have File Manager hunt for a specific bit of text either in the file name, in the content, or in both. You can choose how you want it to search for files by clicking on the icon that appears adjacent to your chosen search field, and then clicking on whichever type you prefer.

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