Linux get all files in directory

How to show recursive directory listing on Linux or Unix

I am a new Linux system user. How do I see a recursive directory listing on macOS Unix system? In Linux, how can I get a recursive directory listing?

Introduction – If you like to receive the list, all directories and files recursively try the following commands.

Tutorial details
Difficulty level	Easy
Root privileges	No
Requirements	Linux and Unix-like OS
Est. reading time	3 minutes

What is a recursive listing of files?

Recursive means that Linux or Unix command works with the contains of directories, and if a directory has subdirectories and files, the command works on those files too (recursively). Say you have a directory structure as follows:
tree dir1

From the above outputs, it is clear that running the tree dir1 gives a list of dir1 directory and its subdirectories and files. The base directory is dir1. Then you have all the child directroies. All all the child directories have additional files and directories (say grand directories), and so on. You can use various Linux commands going through each directory recursively until it hits the end of the directory tree. At that point Linux commands come back up to a branch in the tree a does the same thing for any sub-directories if any.

How to get a recursive directory listing in Linux or Unix

Try any one of the following command:

1. ls -R : Use the ls command to get recursive directory listing on Linux
2. find /dir/ -print : Run the find command to see recursive directory listing in Linux
3. du -a . : Execute the du command to view recursive directory listing on Unix

Let us see some examples to get a recursive directory listing in Unix or Linux systems.

Linux recursive directory listing command

Type the following command:
ls -R
ls -R /tmp/dir1

Linux recursive directory listing using ls -R command.

Unix recursive directory listing command

Since, not all versions of Linux, macOS, *BSD, and Unix-like system have -R option for the ls command. Try to use find command:
find . -print
find /tmp/dir1 -print
find /tmp/dir1/ -print -ls

Recursive directory listing in Linux or Unix using the find command

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How to list all files recursively in a directory

Our final example uses the du command as follows:
du -a .
du -a /tmp/dir1/
You can also use the tree command as follows:
tree .
tree /tmp/dir1/

Recursively working with files

It is possible to run command recursively on files. The syntax is:
my-command-here $(find /dir/ -name ‘pattern’ -print)
rm -i $(find /home/nixcraft/ -name ‘*.bak’ -print)
Of course, your can run command using find itself:
find /dir1/ -name ‘pattern’ -print -exec command ;
find /dir1/ -name ‘pattern’ -print -exec command <> ;
find /dir/2/foo/bar -name «*.pl» -exec rm -rivf <> \;
find /dir1/ -type f -name «*.doc» -exec rm -fiv <> \;
## find file recursively and delete them ##
find /dir1/ -name ‘pattern’ -print -delete
See “Linux / Unix: Find And Remove Files With One Command On Fly” for more info.

Conclusion

You learned how to list all files recursively in a directory under Linux, macOS, *BSD and Unix-like operating system using the ls, du, and find commands.

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Count Number of Files in a Directory in Linux

I presume you are aware of the wc command for counting number of lines. We can use the same wc command with ls command to count the number of files in a directory.

This task seems simple but could soon turn slightly complex based on your need and definition of counting files. Before I confuse you further, let’s see about various use cases of counting the number of files in Linux.

Count number of files in directory in Linux

Let me first show you the content of the test directory I am going to use in this tutorial:

You can see that it has 9 files (including one hidden file) and 2 sub-directories in that directory. But you don’t have to do it manually. Let’s count the number of files using Linux commands.

Count number of files and directories (without hidden files)

You can simply run the combination of the ls and wc command and it will display the number of files:

This is the output:

There is a problem with this command. It counts all the files and directories in the current directories. But it doesn’t see the hidden files (the files that have name starting with a dot).

This is the reason why the above command showed me a count of 10 files instead of 11 (9 files and 2 directories).

Count number of files and directories including hidden files

You probably already know that -a option of ls command shows the hidden files. But if you use the ls -a command, it also displays the . (present directory) and .. (parent directory). This is why you need to use -A option that displays the hidden files excluding . and .. directories.

This will give you the correct count of files and directories in the current directory. Have a look at the output that shows a count of 11 (9 files and 2 directories):

You can also use this command to achieve the same result:

Note that it the option used is 1 (one) not l (L). Using the l (L) option displays an additional line at the beginning of the output (see ‘total 64’ in the directory output at the beginning of the article). Using 1 (one) lists one content per line excluding the additional line. This gives a more accurate result.

Count number of files and directories including the subdirectories

What you have see so far is the count of files and directories in the current directory only. It doesn’t take into account the files in the subdirectories.

If you want to count the number of files and directories in all the subdirectories, you can use the tree command.

This command shows the directory structure and then displays the summary at the bottom of the output.

As you can see in the output, it shows that there are 7 directories and 20 files in total. The good thing about this result is that it doesn’t count directories in the count of files.

Count only the files, not directories

So far, all the solutions we have seen for counting the number of files, also take directories into account. Directories are essentially files but what if you want to count only the number of files, not directories? You can use the wonderful find command.

You can run this command:

The above command searched for all the files (type f) in current directory and its subdirectories.

Count only the files, not directories and only in current directory, not subdirectories

That’s cool! But what if you want to count the number of files in the current directory only excluding the files in the subdirectories? You can use the same command as above but with a slight difference.

All you have to do is to add the ‘depth’ of your find. If you set it at 1, it won’t enter the subdirectories.

Here’s the output now:

In the end…

In Linux, you can have multiple ways to achieve the same goal. I am pretty sure there can be several other methods to count the number of files in Linux. If you use some other command, why not share it with us?

I hope this Linux tutorial helped you learn a few things. Stay in touch for more Linux tips.

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How To Find a File In Linux From the Command Line

Need to know how to find a file in Linux? Well, surprise, surprise, you’re going to need the find command in Linux to scour your directory or file system. The Linux find command can filter objects recursively using a simple conditional mechanism, and if you use the -exec flag, you’ll also be able to find a file in Linux straightaway and process it without needing to use another command.

Locate Linux Files by Their Name or Extension

Typical Linux Find Commands and Syntax

find command expressions look like this:

find command options starting/path expression

The options attribute controls the behavior and optimization method of the find process. The starting/path attribute defines the top-level directory where the find command in Linux begins the filtering process. The expression attribute controls the assessments that scour the directory tree to create output.

Let’s break down a Linux find command where we don’t just want Linux find file by name:

find -O3 -L /var/www/ -name «*.html»

It enables the top-level optimization (-O3) and permits find to follow symbolic links (-L). The find command in Linux searches through the whole directory hierarchy under /var/www/ for files that have .html on the end.

Basic Examples

1. find . -name thisfile.txt

If you need to know how to find a file in Linux called thisfile.txt, it will look for it in current and sub-directories.

2. find /home -name *.jpg

Look for all .jpg files in the /home and directories below it.

3. find . -type f -empty

Look for an empty file inside the current directory.

4. find /home -user randomperson-mtime 6 -iname «.db»

Look for all .db files (ignoring text case) that have been changed in the preceding 6 days by a user called randomperson.

Options and Optimization for Find Command for Linux

find is configured to ignore symbolic links (shortcut files) by default. If you’d like the find command to follow and show symbolic links, just add the -L option to the command, as we did in this example.

find can help Linux find file by name. The Linux find command enhances its approach to filtering so that performance is optimised. The user can find a file in Linux by selecting three stages of optimisation-O1, -O2, and -O3. -O1 is the standard setting and it causes find to filter according to filename before it runs any other tests.

-O2 filters by name and type of file before carrying on with more demanding filters to find a file in Linux. Level -O3 reorders all tests according to their relative expense and how likely they are to succeed.

• -O1 – (Default) filter based on file name first
• -O2 – File name first, then file-type
• -O3 – Allow find to automatically re-order the search based on efficient use of resources and likelihood of success
• -maxdepth X – Search this directory along with all sub-directories to a level of X
• -iname – Search while ignoring text case.
• -not – Only produce results that don’t match the test case
• -type f – Look for files
• -type d – Look for directories

Find Files by When They Were Modified

The Linux find command contains the ability to filter a directory hierarchy based on when the file was last modified:

find / -name «*jpg» -mtime 5

find /home/randomuser/ -name «*jpg» -mtime 4

The initial Linux find command pulls up a list of files in the whole system that end with the characters jpg and have been modified in the preceding 5 days. The next one filters randomuser’s home directory for files with names that end with the characters “conf” and have been modified in the preceding 4 days.

Use Grep to Find Files Based on Content

The find command in Linux is great but it can only filter the directory tree according to filename and meta data. To search files based on what they contain you’ll need a tool like grep. Take a look:

find . -type f -exec grep «forinstance» ‘<>‘ \; -print

This goes through every object in the current directory tree (.) that’s a file (-type f) and then runs grep ” forinstance ” for every file that matches, then prints them on the screen (-print). The curly braces (<>) are a placeholder for those results matched by the Linux find command. The <> go inside single quotes (‘) so that grep isn’t given a misshapen file name. The -exec command is ended with a semicolon (;), which also needs an escape (\;) so that it doesn’t end up being interpreted by the shell.

Before -exec was implemented, xargs would have been used to create the same kind of output:

find . -type f -print | xargs grep «forinstance»

How to Locate and Process Files Using the Find Command in Linux

The -exec option runs commands against every object that matches the find expression. Let’s see how that looks:

This filters all objects in the current directory tree (.) for files named rc.conf and runs the chmod o+r command to alter file permissions of the results that find returns.

The root directory of the Linux is where the commands that -exec runs are executed. Use -execdir to execute the command you want in the directory where the match is sitting, because this might be more secure and improve performance under certain circumstances.

The -exec or -execdir options will continue to run on their own, but if you’d like to see prompts before they do anything, swap out -exec -ok or -execdir for -okdir.

How To Manage Files Using Plesk?

Let’s say you have a website that’s all ready to go on your laptop/desktop and you’d like to use File Manager to upload it to the Plesk on Linux server:

1. On your machine, you’ll need to take the folder with all of your website’s files on it and add it to a compressed archive in one of the usual formats (ZIP, RAR, TAR, TGZ, or TAR.GZ).
2. In Plesk, go to Files, click the httpdocs folder to open it, click Upload, choose the archive file, and then click Open.
3. As soon as you’ve uploaded it, click in the checkbox you see alongside and then on Extract Files.

How to Edit Files in File Manager

File Manager lets you edit your website pages by default. To do this you can use:

• An HTML editor or a “what-you-see-is-what-you-get” style of editor, which is a nice option because it adds the HTML tags for you. If you aren’t all that confident with HTML then this can be a helpful option.
• Code editor. When you open HTML files with this one you’ll be presented with text where the HTML syntax is highlighted. If you’re comfortable with adding HTML tags yourself then code editor is for you.
• Text editor. HTML files are opened as ordinary text with this one.

Your Plesk administrator may have already et up the Rich Editor extension, in which case you can use it for HTML file editing. Rich Editor works in a what-you-see-is-what-you-get fashion, just like Code Editor, although it’s better specced with features like a spellchecker for instance.

Here’s how to use File Manager to edit a file:

1. Put the cursor over the file and the line that corresponds with it will show a highlight.
2. Open the context menu for the file by clicking on it.
3. Click Edit in … Editor (this will vary depending on your chosen editor).

How to Change Permissions with File Manager

There are some web pages and files that you don’t necessarily want to share with the world, and that’s where altering their permissions settings can come in handy.

To achieve this, find the item you want to restrict Internet access for like this:

1. Place your cursor over it and wait for the highlight to appear as in the previous example.
2. Click on the file to open its context menu and do the same again on Change Permissions.
3. Make your change and then hit OK. If you’d like to find out more about how to look at and alter permissions in Setting File and Directory Access Permissions.

File Manager’s default approach is to change permissions in a non-recursive manner, so consequently, sub-files and directories don’t aren’t affected by the changed permissions of the higher-level directories they belong to. With Plesk for Linux, you can make File Manager modify permissions in a recursive manner, assuming that your Plesk administrator set up the Permissions Recursive extension and that you understand the octal notation of file permissions.

To enable recursive editing of access permissions:

1. Place the cursor over the directory and wait for the highlight.
2. Click to open its context menu and then again on Set Permissions Recursive.
3. Now you can edit them. “Folder Permissions” is talking about the higher-level directory and any of its associated sub-directories. “File Permissions” applies to sub-files in this instance.
4. When you’ve completed your permission amendments, click OK.

File Search in File Manager

You’ve got a little bit of latitude with file searches. You can have File Manager hunt for a specific bit of text either in the file name, in the content, or in both. You can choose how you want it to search for files by clicking on the icon that appears adjacent to your chosen search field, and then clicking on whichever type you prefer.

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