Linux installed now what

How do I see what packages are installed on Ubuntu Linux?

I am a new Ubuntu Linux server user. My server hosted at Google cloud VM. How do I see what packages are installed on Ubuntu Linux?

Introduction: Ubuntu Linux is an open source operating system based upon the Linux kernel and GNU command line utilities. Ubuntu Linux is extremely popular among new Linux users as well as developers all around the globe. This page shows how to list all installed packages with apt command or apt-get command on Ubuntu Linux.

Tutorial details
Difficulty level	Easy
Root privileges	Yes
Requirements	Debian or Ubuntu Linux
Est. reading time	5 minutes

You need to use the apt or apt-get or dpkg command to list all installed packages on an Ubuntu Linux server from the bash shell prompt.

How do I see what packages are installed on Ubuntu Linux?

The procedure to list what packages are installed on Ubuntu:

1. Open the terminal application or log in to the remote server using ssh (e.g. ssh user @ sever-name )
2. Run command apt list —installed to list all installed packages on Ubuntu
3. To display a list of packages satisfying certain criteria such as show matching apache2 packages, run apt list apache

Let us see some examples about how to list installed packages on Ubuntu and Debian Linux operating systems.

apt list installed packages

Let us list all software packages on Ubuntu Linux available for us:
$ apt list

You might want to use the grep command/egrep command to filter out:
$ apt list | grep nginx
OR
$ apt list | more
However, you may see message on screen that read as follows:

WARNING: apt does not have a stable CLI interface. Use with caution in scripts.

To avoid this message use the dpkg command as follows:
$ dpkg —list | grep nginx
$ dpkg —list | more

List all installed packages only

The apt command displays both installed and packages available to install. What if you want to list currently installed software only? Fear not, pass the option to the apt command:
$ apt list —installed

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How to list or find out if a specific package installed or not

Run package policy as follows:
$ apt list -a pkgNameHere
Is sudo package installed?
$ apt list -a sudo
Is sudo package mariadb-server?
$ apt list -a mariadb-server

Ubuntu list installed packages

It is also possible to list installed packages matching given pattern. The syntax is:
dpkg -l pattern
dpkg —list pattern
apt list pattern
apt list —installed pattern
For example:
dpkg —list ‘x*’
Sample outputs:

• ii – Indicates that package named xauth installed.
• un – Indicates that package not installed or in Unknown status.

Listing installed packages sorted by installation date and time

There is no simple command, but we can use the combination of zgrep and other commands as follows. Let us count it:

Total installed packages on nixcraft-wks01 : 6433
List them:
zgrep » installed » /var/log/dpkg.log*

Please note that zgrep will search possibly compressed files for a regular expression as those log files are compressed by system. Hence, we need to use various z commands on Linux. See “How to find out when Debian or Ubuntu package installed or updated” for more info.

Conclusion

You learned how to list both installed and uninstalled packages on an Ubuntu Linux server or desktop using the CLI method. See the following man pages using the man command:
man apt
man apt-get
man dpkg

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How to check your Linux version: easy ways to view the distribution and version number

When most people think of Linux, an open source operating system that serves as an alternative to Microsoft and Apple comes to mind. But unlike these market leaders that offer commercial operating systems, there is no single Linux operating system.

Instead, there is a whole series of free, open-source operating systems (referred to as “distributions”) that are built based on the Linux kernel. This means that Linux merely serves as the basis for potential operating systems, which are then built from the kernel and other programming elements. While Microsoft and Apple release closed-source, proprietary software products, the Linux kernel is open-source code that any member of the Linux community can use or modify to make their own applications and operating systems.

Since there exist countless Linux versions, it’s of utmost importance to know which version you’re running, especially when you run into technical problems, have questions, or want to do an update. Luckily, it’s very easy to find out. Keep reading for instructions on how tocheck your Linux version.

Linux version: what do the distribution and version number mean?

As of June 2020, there are now over 500 unique Linux distributions. The best-known are Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, SUSE, Manjaro, and Linux Mint.

The family tree for Ubuntu alone contains over 65 software applications built on the basis of Ubuntu. The current distribution was released in 2020 with the version number 20.04. The first version of Ubuntu came out in 2004 and was based on the Debian operating system.

The various Linux distributions can be roughly divided into three basic family trees as well as countless other smaller branches and independent versions. For example, the entire Ubuntu family is based on Debian, the distribution Fedora is based on Red Hat Linux, and SUSE used Slackware.

Even though they’re all based on the Linux kernel, the various distributions serve as their own operating systems with different GNU toolchains and graphic interfaces. In order to find your way in the busy Linux landscape, it’s important to know which version of the Linux kernel and which distribution you’re using.

Checking the Linux version in the terminal

Whether you’re using Linux privately or professionally, it’s always important to know which Linux version and distribution you’re working with. That way you’ll know which package manager you’ll need for downloading new tools and updates, and which Linux forum you should turn to when you have questions or experience problems.

If you’re looking for details about your Linux version, there are two words which will be of particular significance:

1. The version number of the distribution
2. The version of the Linux kernel

To find out these two values, you’ll need to use Linux commands. In general, when working in Linux, user input is entered into so-called “shells”, which are interfaces between systems and users. Shells run using a graphic terminal that processes the commands in the relevant programming language. This will serve as your starting point in checking your Linux version.

Step 1: Distribution version number

Open the Linux terminal with the keys [Ctrl] + [Alt] + [T] or by using the search function. Type the following command into the terminal and then press enter:

The asterisk in the code ensures that the command will apply to all distributions and shows you the installed version. The data that you see now may look a bit messy, with some lines appearing twice or several ending in “release”. The most important line here is “PRETTY_NAME=”, which contains the name of the distribution and version number that you’re currently using.

Another command that works on all distributions without the need for a special tool is the following:

If you only need the name and version number of your current distribution, the following command will suffice:

In the following example, you can see that Ubuntu 20.04 LTS is currently running:

The command “lsb_release -d” shows the current distribution and its version number.

The following command lists more comprehensive information about the version:

The command “lsb_release -a” shows additional information about the distribution version you’re currently running.

This command should work on every Linux distribution, as long as you’ve installed the lsb-release package or it’s part of your Ubuntu version. If you haven’t already installed it, you can easily do so with the following command for Debian and Ubuntu:

Step 2: Linux kernel version number

If you’d like to know which version of the Linux kernel you’re using, type the following command into the terminal and press enter:

The command “uname -r” shows the version of the Linux kernel that you’re currently using.

You’ll now see which Linux kernel you’re using. In the above example, the Linux kernel is 5.4.0-26.

If you’d like to see more information (about computer architecture for example), you can enter the following command:

The command “uname -a” shows the version of the Linux kernel you’re using, as well as additional details.

Step 3: View everything at once with Inxi

With the tool Inxi, you can easily view all the information about your hardware, host, Linux kernel, desktop environment, and distribution. To install the program in Debian/Ubuntu, enter the following command into the terminal:

Once installed, you can view the above-mentioned data with this simple command:

• 16.10.20
• Know-how

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  Knowing which Debian version you have not only helps you to choose the right install package for a program – you also need it to get appropriate support in forums. There are several different methods to check your Debian version. In this step-by-step guide, we’ll explain how to check your version using Terminal and Hardinfo.

  

  How to check your Ubuntu version: a guide

  Knowing which Ubuntu version you’re running is helpful for different things. You can use this information to check whether programs are compatible with your system. Or you can include the version number in troubleshooting searches. It’s thus of crucial importance to know how to check your Ubuntu version. Keep reading to find out how to do so in a few simple clicks.

  

  Remove a directory in Linux: a simple guide

  Sometimes you may need to delete an entire folder rather than just individual files. If you want to remove a Linux directory, there are several ways to do it. Here are a few basic solutions that use either File Manager or Terminal. We also explain what you can do if you don’t have the necessary rights.

  

  Deleting files in Linux: a how-to guide

  Deleting files in Linux couldn’t be easier. Whether you use the file manager or work directly in the terminal with the command “rm”, you can remove Linux files in just a few clicks. Keep reading to find out how to remove single files, multiple files, files of a certain type, or entire folders.

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  How to Download & Install Linux (Ubuntu) in Windows PC

  Updated October 7, 2021

  Now that we know what Linux is, it is the time that to learn how we should install it on the computer and choose which Distribution we should use. Let us start by understanding what a Linux Distribution is.

  In this tutorial, we will learn –

  What is a Linux Distribution?

  Well, now as you know that Linux is open-source, free to use kernel. It is used by programmers, organizations, profit and non-profit companies around the world to create Operating systems to suit their individual requirements.

  To prevent hacking attempts, many organizations keep their Linux operating systems private.

  Many others make their variations of Linux available publicly so the whole world can benefit at large.

  These versions/ types /kinds of Linux operating system are called Distributions.

  Click here if the video is not accessible

  How many distributions are out there?

  

  There are hundreds of Linux operating systems or Distributions available these days. Many of them are designed with a specific purpose in mind. For example, to run a web server or to run on network switches like routers, modems, etc.

  The latest example of one of the most popular smartphone-based Linux Distribution is Android!

  Many of these Distributions are built to offer excellent personal computing.

  Here, are a few popular Linux Distributions (also called Linux Distro) –

  Linux Distribution	Name	Description
  	Arch	This Linux Distro is popular amongst Developers. It is an independently developed system. It is designed for users who go for a do-it-yourself approach.
  	CentOS	It is one of the most used Linux Distribution for enterprise and web servers. It is a free enterprise class Operating system and is based heavily on Red Hat enterprise Distro.
  	Debian	Debian is a stable and popular non-commercial Linux distribution. It is widely used as a desktop Linux Distro and is user-oriented. It strictly acts within the Linux protocols.
  	Fedora	Another Linux kernel based Distro, Fedora is supported by the Fedora project, an endeavor by Red Hat. It is popular among desktop users. Its versions are known for their short life cycle.
  	Gentoo	It is a source based Distribution which means that you need to configure the code on your system before you can install it. It is not for Linux beginners, but it is sure fun for experienced users.
  	LinuxMint	It is one of the most popular Desktop Distributions available out there. It launched in 2006 and is now considered to be the fourth most used Operating system in the computing world.
  	OpenSUSE	It is an easy to use and a good alternative to MS Windows. It can be easily set up and can also run on small computers with obsolete configurations.
  	RedHat enterprise	Another popular enterprise based Linux Distribution is Red Hat Enterprise.It has evolved from Red Hat Linux which was discontinued in 2004. It is a commercial Distro and very popular among its clientele.
  	Slackware	Slackware is one of the oldest Linux kernel based OS’s. It is another easy desktop Distribution. It aims at being a ‘Unix like’ OS with minimal changes to its kernel.
  	Ubuntu	This is the third most popular desktop operating system after Microsoft Windows and Apple Mac OS. It is based on the Debian Linux Distribution, and it is known as its desktop environment.

  The Best Linux Distribution!

  The term best is relative. Each Linux distribution is built for a specific purpose-built to meet the demands of its target users.

  The desktop Distributions are available for free on their respective websites. You might want to try them one by one till you get to know which Distribution you like the most. Each one of them offers its own unique design applications, and security.

  We will be using Ubuntu for our learning purpose as it’s easy for a beginner to understand.

  How to Install Linux

  Let’s look the below Linux installation guide which has various methods we can use to Download Linux(Ubuntu) and install it.

  Installing Linux using USB stick

  This is one of the easiest methods of installing Ubuntu or any distribution on your computer. Follow the steps to install Ubuntu from USB.

  

  Step 1) Download the .iso or the OS files on your computer from this link.

  

  Step 2) Download free software like Universal USB installer to make a bootable USB stick.

  

  Step 3) Select an Ubuntu Distribution form the dropdown to put on your USB

  Select your Ubuntu iso file download in step 1.

  Select the drive letter of USB to install Ubuntu and Press create button.

  

  Step 4) Click YES to Install Ubuntu in USB.

  

  Step 5) After everything has been installed and configured, a small window will appear Congratulations! You now have Ubuntu on a USB stick, bootable and ready to go.

  

  Installing Linux using CD-ROM

  Those who like the way a CD runs should try using this method.

  

  Step 1) Download the .iso or the OS files onto your computer from this link http://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop.

  Step 2) Burn the files to a CD.

  

  Step 3) Boot your computer from the optical drive and follow the instructions as they come.

  Installing Linux using Virtual Machine

  This is a popular method to install a Linux operating system. The virtual installation offers you the freedom of running Linux on an existing OS already installed on your computer. This means if you have Windows running, then you can just run Linux with a click of a button.

  Virtual machine software like Oracle VM can install Linux on Windows in easy steps. Let us look at them.

  Here the brief steps

  

  PART A) Download and Install Virtual Box

  Download Virtual box using this link

  Depending on your processor and OS, select the appropriate package. In our case, we have selected Windows with AMD

  

  Once the download is complete, Open setup file and follow the steps below:

  Step-1) Click On next

  

  Step-2) Select you’re the directory to install VirtualBox and click on next

  

  Step-3) Select Desktop icon and click on next, now click on yes

  

  Step-4) Click On install to install Linux on Windows.

  

  Step-5) Now installation of the virtual box will start. Once complete, click on Finish Button to start Virtual Box

  

  The virtual box dashboard looks like this-

  

  PART B) Download Ubuntu

  Visit this link to download Ubuntu.

  

  You can select 32/64-bit versions as per your choice.

  PART C) Create a Machine in Virtual Box

  Step-1) Open Virtual box and click on new button

  

  Step-2) In next window, give the name of your OS which you are installing in virtual box. And select OS like Linux and version as Ubuntu 32 bit. And click on next

  

  Step-3) Now Allocate Ram Size To your Virtual OS. I recommended keeping 1024mb (1 GB) ram to run Ubuntu better. And click on next.

  

  Step-4) Now To run OS in virtual box we have to create virtual hard disk, click on create a virtual hard drive now and click on create button.

  The virtual hard disk is where the OS installation files and data/applications you create/install in this Ubuntu machine will reside

  

  Step-5) select VHD (virtual hard disk) option and click on next.

  

  Step-6) Click on dynamic allocated and click on next. This means that the size of the disk will increase dynamically as per requirement.

  

  Step-7) Allocate memory to your virtual hard drive .8GB recommended. Click on create button.

  

  Step-8) Now you can see the machine name in left panel

  

  So a Machine (PC) with 8GB Hardisk, 1GB RAM is ready.

  PART D) How to Install Ubuntu

  Step 1) Select the Machine and Click on Start

  

  Step 2) Select the Folder Option

  

  Step 3) Select the Ubuntu iso file

  

  Step 4) Click Start

  

  Step-5) You have an option to Run Ubuntu WITHOUT installing. In this tutorial will install Ubuntu

  

  Step-6) Click continue.

  

  Step-7) Select option to erase the disk and install Ubuntu and click on install now. This option installs Ubuntu into our virtual hard drive which is we made earlier. It will not harm your PC or Windows installation

  

  Step-8) Select your location for setting up time zone, and click on continue

  

  Step-9) Select your keyboard layout, by default English (US) is selected but if you want to change then, you can select in the list. And click on continue

  

  Step-10) Select your username and password for your Ubuntu admin account. This information has been needed for installing any software package into Ubuntu and also for login to your OS. Fill up your details and tick on login automatically to ignore login attempt and click on continue

  

  Step-11) Installation process starts. May take up to 30 minutes. Please wait until installation process completes.

  

  Step-12) After finishing the installation, you will see Ubuntu Desktop.

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