Linux is distributed under which license

Linux Essentials — Chapter 02 Exam Answers

Linux Essentials — Chapter 02 Exam Answers

1. Question

The Samba application is a:

• Security Server
• Mail Server
• Web Server
• File Server

2. Question

Which of the following are examples of desktop software?
(choose two)

• Music player
• Web browser
• File share
• Compiler
• Web server

3. Question

If you wanted to set up a blog, which software would be most helpful?

• Postfix
• MySQL
• Samba
• WordPress
• Dovecot

4. Question

Which of the following pieces of software deal with file sharing?
(choose three)

• PostgreSQL
• X-Windows
• Netatalk
• Samba
• NFS

5. Question

If you wanted to create and print an invoice, which software could you use?

• Evolution
• LibreOffice
• Compiz
• GNOME
• Firefox

6. Question

POP and IMAP are related to:

• Email
• Reading and writing music
• Letting users log in to multiple servers with 1 set of credentials
• Sharing files
• Serving web pages

7. Question

When a computer boots, it can get its network information through:

8. Question

Which of the following are examples of text editors?
(choose four)

9. Question

A package manager:
(choose two)

• Downloads software from the Internet
• Can optionally repartition your disk to make room for Linux
• Performs a fresh install of Linux
• Emails you when software is out of date
• Keeps track of which files belong to which packages

10. Question

An interpreted programming language:
(choose two)

• Is converted into machine specific instructions as the program runs
• Takes fewer resources to run than a compiled language
• Tends to offer more features than compiled languages
• Requires a compilation step but no linking step
• Requires a linking step but no compilation step

11. Question

Which of the following are true about compiled programming languages?

• Ruby is a compiled language
• A programmer is usually more productive when using a compiled language
• C is a compiled language
• Perl is a compiled language
• Compiled languages are great for system administration tasks like scripting

12. Question

Which package manager is used in Fedora, a Red Hat derived system?

13. Question

The Linux shell:
(choose three)

• Has a scripting language
• Is customizable
• Is responsible for tracking the location of configuration files
• Allows you to launch programs
• Has a built in text editor

14. Question

Which application would you use to edit and piece together sound files to make podcast?

• GIMP
• Thunderbird
• Audiolicious
• Audacity
• Bash

15. Question

The two main families of Linux shells are:
(choose two)

• Python Shell
• C Shell
• Bourne Shell
• Korn shell
• emacs

16. Question

Which server software would you use to create a company directory that you could search and authenticate against?

• bind
• OpenLDAP
• Netatalk
• Samba
• ISC DHCP

17. Question

A Mail Transfer Agent’s primary purpose is to:

• Act as a gateway between faxes and email
• Serve email to end clients
• Manage the end user’s inbox
• Deliver mail between servers
• Filter out spam

18. Question

Which of the following are examples of a web server?
(choose two)

• postfix
• WordPress
• Nginx
• Apache
• NFS

19. Question

If you wanted to let a Linux machine share files with Windows clients and servers, you would use:

• bind
• Netatalk
• DNS
• Samba
• NFS

20. Question

Richard Stallman is associated with:

• The Free Software Foundation
• The Open Source Initiative
• The Apache foundation
• BSD Unix
• Microsoft

21. Question

A “copyleft provision” in a software license means:

• You give up your copyright to the software
• You must provide free copies of the software if you use it
• You may not link against third party closed source software
• If you redistribute the software, you must distribute the source to any changes you make
• You must provide support for your modifications

22. Question

The largest difference between the GPLv2 and BSD licenses is:

• GPLv2 requires assigning copyright to the FSF
• BSD has no copyleft provision
• GPLv2 is not approved by the OSI
• Nothing, they are virtually identical
• Only BSD allows commercial use

23. Question

The Free Software Foundation believes that:
(choose two)

• No money should ever change hands
• Software should not have copyright
• People should write software with no expectation of making money
• Software should be free to modify
• Software should be free to share

24. Question

Which of the following licenses was made by the FSF?

• GPLv3
• MIT
• Creative Commons
• BSD
• Apache

25. Question

A permissive free software license:
(choose two)

• Places no restrictions on sharing modifications
• Means you can use the software for anything you want
• Requires you share software changes but not binaries
• Does not allow the software to be locked to certain hardware
• Places the software in the public domain

26. Question

Linux is distributed under which license?

• GPLv2
• MIT
• BSD
• GPLv3
• Linux Foundation

27. Question

Who founded the Open Source Initiative?
(choose two)

• Bruce Perens
• University of California at Berkeley
• Linus Torvalds
• Richard Stallman
• Eric Raymond

28. Question

A generic term for Open Source and Free Software is:

• Libre Software
• SLOFF
• GPL
• OS/FS
• FLOSS

29. Question

Which are examples of permissive software licenses?
(choose two)

• MIT
• BSD
• LGPLv3
• GPLv3
• GPLv2

30. Question

What does it mean when a work is placed in the public domain?

• You must redistribute changes to the software
• The author has died
• You may not use the work for commercial purposes
• The author has relinquished the copyright on the work
• The work was done by a government agency

31. Question

Creative Commons licenses allow you to:
(choose three)

• Specify whether or not changes must be shared
• Receive royalties on the use of the work
• Allow or disallow commercial use
• Get a veto on where the work is used
• Specify whether or not people may distribute changes

32. Question

If a podcast is licensed under the CC BY-ND license, you may:
(choose two)

• Post it to your website
• Sell it as part of a compilation
• Use an interview or song from it for your own podcast
• Share it as long as you give credit to the author
• Add ads to it and post it to your website.

33. Question

How can you make money from open source software?
(choose three)

• Charge a yearly fee for the right to use the software
• Sell hardware that’s built to work with the software
• Provide paid consulting services for users
• Unlock premium features for people that pay
• Take payments for fixing bugs

34. Question

To place software under an open source license, you must give up your copyright.
True or False?

35. Question

The difference between the GPL and LGPL licenses are:

• LGPL is shorter than GPL
• LGPL was made by the OSI while GPL was made by the FSF
• LGPL allows linking to non GPLed software
• LGPL allows you to distribute the software in binary-only form
• LGPL applies to web services

36. Question

Permissive free software licenses:
(choose three)

• Can allow software to be used inside closed source software
• Are not approved by the FSF
• Are not approved by the OSI
• Don’t have a copyleft provision
• Include the GPLv2 and BSD

37. Question

The Creative Commons version of Public Domain licensing is:

• No Rights Reserved
• Attribution-NonCommercial
• Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
• NoAttribution-ShareAlike
• Attribution

38. Question

Your company makes a hardware firewall that runs a custom Linux kernel. What are your obligations under GPLv2?

• You must make the source to your kernel available
• You must ensure your custom kernel runs on a regular Intel machine
• There are no requirements
• You must make the source to your custom web interface available
• You must make your hardware designs available

39. Question

Participating in open source projects can improve your technical skills, even if it is not your day job.
True or False?

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Under what license is Ubuntu? Can it be legally modified and distributed?

What license does Ubuntu fall into (GPL, MIT, a mix)? Would it be legal to modify it and redistribute my modified version?

6 Answers 6

It is entirely legal.

Examples of custom Ubuntu’s that are released:

Also, Ubuntu itself wouldn’t be in existence if it wasn’t for Debian.

There is a page on Ubuntu licensing, in particular:

Software installed by default

When you install Ubuntu, you will typically install a complete desktop environment. It is also possible to install a minimal set of software (just enough to boot your machine) and then manually select the precise software applications to install. Such a «custom» install is usually favoured by server administrators, who prefer to keep only the software they absolutely need on the server. All of the application software installed by default is free software. In addition, we install some hardware drivers that are available only in binary format, but such packages are clearly marked in the restricted component.

There is the problem of Ubuntu Branding.

The trademark policy explains this:

Permitted use Certain usages of the Trademarks are fine and no specific permission from us is needed.

Community advocacy.

Ubuntu is built by, and largely for, its community. We share access to the Trademarks with the entire community for the purposes of discussion, development and advocacy. We recognise that most of the open source discussion and development areas are for non-commercial purposes and will allow the use of the trademarks in this context, provided: the Trademark is used in a manner consistent with the Usage Guidelines below there is no commercial intent behind the use what you are referring to is in fact Ubuntu. If someone is confused into thinking that what isn’t Ubuntu is in fact Ubuntu, you are probably doing something wrong there is no suggestion (through words or appearance) that your project is approved, sponsored, or affiliated with Ubuntu or its related projects unless it actually has been approved by and is accountable to the Ubuntu Community Council

So (in this non-lawyers opinion), as long as you make it clear that this is a Ubuntu derivative (similar to how Ubuntu is based on Debian), you’re fine.

However, I am NOT a lawyer, so this could be a flawed interpretation.

Ubuntu is under a mix of licenses, each individual package has its copy right file under /usr/share/doc/PACKAGE/copyright, e.g. /usr/share/doc/gnome-panel/copyright All packages in main & universe are free software & can be modified & redistributed — restricted & multiverse packages fall under other licenses which may not allow this.

Ubuntu is a collection of thousands of computer programs and documents created by a range of individuals, teams and companies.

Each of these programs may come under a different licence. This licence policy describes the process that we follow in determining which software will be included by default in the Ubuntu operating system.

Copyright licensing and trademarks are two different areas of law, and we consider them separately in Ubuntu. The following policy applies only to copyright licences. We evaluate trademarks on a case-by-case basis.

Categories of software in Ubuntu

The thousands of software packages available for Ubuntu are organized into four key groups or components: main, restricted, universe and multiverse. Software is published in one of these components based on whether or not it meets our free software philosophy, and the level of support we can provide for it.

This policy only addresses the software that you will find in main and restricted, which contain software that is fully supported by the Ubuntu team and must comply with this policy.

Ubuntu ‘main’ component licence policy

All application software included in the Ubuntu main component:

Must include source code. The main component has a strict and non-negotiable requirement that application software included in it must come with full source code.

Must allow modification and distribution of modified copies under the same licence. Just having the source code does not convey the same freedom as having the right to change it. Without the ability to modify software, the Ubuntu community cannot support software, fix bugs, translate it, or improve it.

Ubuntu ‘main’ and ‘restricted’ component licence policy

All application software in both main and restricted must meet the following requirements: Must allow redistribution. Your right to sell or give away the software alone, or as part of an aggregate software distribution, is important because: You, the user, must be able to pass on any software you have received from Ubuntu in either source code or compiled form.

While Ubuntu will not charge licence fees for this distribution, you might want to charge to print Ubuntu CDs, or create your own customised versions of Ubuntu which you sell, and should have the freedom to do so.

Must not require royalty payments or any other fee for redistribution or modification.It’s important that you can exercise your rights to this software without having to pay for the privilege, and that you can pass these rights on to other people on exactly the same basis.

Must allow these rights to be passed on along with the software. You should be able to have exactly the same rights to the software as we do.

Must not discriminate against persons, groups or against fields of endeavour. The licence of software included in Ubuntu can not discriminate against anyone or any group of users and cannot restrict users from using the software for a particular field of endeavour — a business for example. So we will not distribute software that is licensed «freely for non-commercial use».

Must not be distributed under a licence specific to Ubuntu. The rights attached to the software must not depend on the program being part of Ubuntu system. So we will not distribute software for which Ubuntu has a «special» exemption or right, and we will not put our own software into Ubuntu and then refuse you the right to pass it on.

Must not contaminate other software licences.The licence must not place restrictions on other software that is distributed along with it. For example, the licence must not insist that all other programmes distributed on the same medium be free software. May require source modifications to be distributed as patches. In some cases, software authors are happy for us to distribute their software and modifications to their software, as long as the two are distributed separately, so that people always have a copy of their pristine code. We are happy to respect this preference. However, the licence must explicitly permit distribution of software built from modified source code.

Documentation, firmware and drivers

Ubuntu contains licensed and copyrighted works that are not application software. For example, the default Ubuntu installation includes documentation, images, sounds, video clips and firmware. The Ubuntu community will make decisions on the inclusion of these works on a case-by-case basis, ensuring that these works do not restrict our ability to make Ubuntu available free of charge, and that you can continue to redistribute Ubuntu.

Software installed by default

When you install Ubuntu, you will typically install a complete desktop environment. It is also possible to install a minimal set of software (just enough to boot your machine) and then manually select the precise software applications to install. Such a «custom» install is usually favored by server administrators, who prefer to keep only the software they absolutely need on the server.

All of the application software installed by default is free software. In addition, we install some hardware drivers that are available only in binary format, but such packages are clearly marked in the restricted component.

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