The Linux Kernel Archives
There are several main categories into which kernel releases may fall:
Prepatch Prepatch or «RC» kernels are mainline kernel pre-releases that are mostly aimed at other kernel developers and Linux enthusiasts. They must be compiled from source and usually contain new features that must be tested before they can be put into a stable release. Prepatch kernels are maintained and released by Linus Torvalds. Mainline Mainline tree is maintained by Linus Torvalds. It’s the tree where all new features are introduced and where all the exciting new development happens. New mainline kernels are released every 2-3 months. Stable After each mainline kernel is released, it is considered «stable.» Any bug fixes for a stable kernel are backported from the mainline tree and applied by a designated stable kernel maintainer. There are usually only a few bugfix kernel releases until next mainline kernel becomes available — unless it is designated a «longterm maintenance kernel.» Stable kernel updates are released on as-needed basis, usually once a week. Longterm There are usually several «longterm maintenance» kernel releases provided for the purposes of backporting bugfixes for older kernel trees. Only important bugfixes are applied to such kernels and they don’t usually see very frequent releases, especially for older trees.
| Version | Maintainer | Released | Projected EOL |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5.10 | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin | 2020-12-13 | Dec, 2026 |
| 5.4 | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin | 2019-11-24 | Dec, 2025 |
| 4.19 | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin | 2018-10-22 | Dec, 2024 |
| 4.14 | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin | 2017-11-12 | Jan, 2024 |
| 4.9 | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin | 2016-12-11 | Jan, 2023 |
| 4.4 | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin | 2016-01-10 | Feb, 2022 |
Distribution kernels
Many Linux distributions provide their own «longterm maintenance» kernels that may or may not be based on those maintained by kernel developers. These kernel releases are not hosted at kernel.org and kernel developers can provide no support for them.
It is easy to tell if you are running a distribution kernel. Unless you downloaded, compiled and installed your own version of kernel from kernel.org, you are running a distribution kernel. To find out the version of your kernel, run uname -r :
If you see anything at all after the dash, you are running a distribution kernel. Please use the support channels offered by your distribution vendor to obtain kernel support.
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Linux kernel release history
This is a list of links to every changelog.
Linux_5.13 Released Sun, 27 June 2021 (63 days)
Linux_5.12 Released Sun, 25 Apr 2021 (70 days)
Linux_5.11 Released Sun, 14 Feb 2021 (63 days)
Linux_5.10 Released Sun, 13 December 2020 (63 days)
Linux_5.9 Released Sun, 11 October 2020 (70 days)
Linux_5.8 Released Sun, 2 August 2020 (64 days)
Linux_5.7 Released Sun, 31 May 2020 (63 days)
Linux_5.6 Released Sun, 29 March 2020 (63 days)
Linux_5.5 Released Sun, 26 January 2020 (63 days)
Linux_5.4 Released Sun, 24 Nov 2019 (70 days)
Linux_5.3 Released Sun, 15 September 2019 (70 days)
Linux_5.2 Released Sun, 7 July 2019 (63 days)
Linux_5.1 Released Sun, 5 May 2019 (63 days)
Linux_5.0 Released Sun, 3 March 2019 (70 days)
Linux_4.20 Released 23 December, 2018 (62 days)
Linux_4.19 Released 22 October, 2018 (71 days)
Linux_4.18 Released 12 August, 2018 (70 days)
Linux_4.17 Released 3 Jun, 2018 (63 days)
Linux_4.16 Released 1 Apr, 2018 (73 days)
Linux_4.15 Released 18 January, 2018 (77 days)
Linux_4.14 Released 12 November, 2017 (70 days)
Linux_4.13 Released 3 September, 2017 (63 days)
Linux_4.12 Released 2 July, 2017 (63 days)
Linux_4.11 Released 30 April, 2017 (70 days)
Linux_4.10 Released 19 February, 2017 (70 days)
Linux_4.9 Released 11 December, 2016 (70 days)
Linux_4.8 Released 2 October, 2016 (70 days)
Linux_4.7 Released 24 July, 2016 (70 days)
Linux_4.6 Released 15 May, 2016 (63 days)
Linux_4.5 Released 13 March, 2016 (63 days)
Linux_4.4 Released 10 January, 2016 (70 days)
Linux_4.3 Released 1 November, 2015 (63 days)
Linux_4.2 Released 30 August, 2015 (70 days)
Linux_4.1 Released 21 June, 2015 (70 days)
Linux_4.0 Released 12 April, 2015 (63 days)
Linux_3.19 Released 8 February, 2015 (63 days)
Linux_3.18 Released 7 December, 2014 (63 days)
Linux_3.17 Released 5 October, 2014 (63 days)
Linux_3.16 Released 3 August, 2014 (56 days)
Linux_3.15 Released 8 June, 2014 (70 days)
Linux_3.14 Released 30 March, 2014 (70 days)
Linux_3.13 Released 19 January, 2014 (78 days)
Linux_3.12 Released 2 November, 2013 (61 days)
Linux_3.11 Released 2 September, 2013 (64 days)
Linux_3.10 Released 30 June, 2013 (63 days)
Linux_3.9 Released 28 April, 2013 (69 days)
Linux_3.8 Released 18 February, 2013 70 ( days)
Linux_3.7 Released 10 December 2012 (71 days)
Linux_3.6 Released 30 September, 2012 (71 days)
Linux_3.5 Released 21 July, 2012 (62 days)
Linux_3.4 Released 20 May, 2012 (63 days)
Linux_3.3 Released 18 March, 2012 (74 days)
Linux_3.2 Released 4 January, 2012 (72 days)
Linux_3.1 Released 24 October, 2011 (95 days)
Linux_3.0 Released 21 July, 2011 (64 days)
Linux 2.6.39 Released 18 May, 2011 (65 days)
Linux 2.6.38 Released 14 March, 2011 (69 days)
Linux 2.6.37 Released 4 January, 2011 (76 days)
Linux 2.6.36 Released 20 October, 2010 (80 days)
Linux 2.6.35 Released 1 August, 2010 (76 days)
Linux 2.6.34 Released 16 May, 2010 (81 days)
Linux 2.6.33 Released 24 February, 2010 (83 days)
Linux 2.6.32 Released 3 December, 2009 (84 days)
Linux 2.6.31 Released 9 September, 2009 (92 days)
Linux 2.6.30 Released 9 June, 2009 (77 days)
Linux 2.6.29 Released 24 March, 2009 (89 days)
Linux 2.6.28 Released 25 December, 2008 (77 days)
Linux 2.6.27 Released 9 October, 2008 (88 days)
Linux 2.6.26 Released 13 July, 2008 (87 days)
Linux 2.6.25 Released 17 April, 2008 (84 days)
Linux 2.6.24 Released 24 January, 2008 (107 days)
Linux 2.6.23 Released 9 October, 2007 (93 days)
Linux 2.6.22 Released 8 July, 2007 (73 days)
Linux 2.6.21 Released 26 April, 2007 (80 days)
Linux 2.6.20 Released 5 February, 2007 (68 days)
Linux 2.6.19 Released 29 November, 2006 (70 days)
Linux 2.6.18 Released 20 September, 2006 (95 days)
Linux 2.6.17 Released 17 June, 2006 (88 days)
Linux 2.6.16 Released 20 March, 2006 (76 days)
Linux 2.6.15 Released 3 January, 2006 (68 days)
Linux 2.6.14 Released 27 October, 2005 (59 days)
Linux 2.6.13 Released 29 August, 2005 (73 days)
Linux 2.6.12 Released 17 June, 2005 (107 days)
Linux 2.6.11 Released 2 March, 2005 (68 days)
Linux 2.6.10 Released 24 December, 2004 (66 days)
Linux 2.6.9 Released 19 October, 2004 (66 days)
Linux 2.6.8 Released 14 August, 2004 (59 days)
Linux 2.6.7 Released 16 June, 2004 (37 days)
Linux 2.6.6 Released 10 May, 2004 (36 days)
Linux 2.6.5 Released 4 April, 2004 (24 days)
Linux 2.6.4 Released 11 March, 2004 (22 days)
Linux 2.6.3 Released 18 February, 2004 (14 days)
Linux 2.6.2 Released 4 February, 2004 (26 days)
Linux 2.6.1 Released 9 January, 2004 (22 days)
Linux 2.6.0 Released 18 December, 2003
Libata driver architecture (LWN article)
2.5.75 released July 10, 2003:
2.5.74 released July 2, 2003:
2.5.73 released June 22, 2003:
2.5.72 released June 17, 2003:
2.5.71 released June 14, 2003:
2.5.70 released May 27, 2003:
2.5.69 released May 5, 2003:
New interrupt handling API (LWN article)
2.5.68 released April 20, 2003:
- Merging s390 and s390x into a single architecture
- Generation of hotplug events from kobject registration
2.5.67 released April 7, 2003:
2.5.66 released March 24, 2003:
2.5.65 released March 17, 2003:
2.5.64 released March 5, 2003:
2.5.63 released February 24, 2003:
2.5.62 released February 17, 2003:
2.5.61 released February 15, 2003:
2.5.60 released February 10, 2003:
- New modversions implementation
- 64-bit jiffies
2.5.59 released Janury 17, 2003:
2.5.58 released January 14, 2003:
2.5.57 released January 13, 2003:
2.5.56 released January 10, 2003:
2.5.55 released January 9, 2003:
2.5.54 released January 2, 2003:
2.5.53 released December 24, 2002:
- SYSENTER/SYSEXIT support: Systems that support the SYSENTER extension (Basically Intel Pentium-II and above, and AMD Athlons) now have a faster method of making the transition from userspace to kernelspace when a syscall is performed. Pentium Pro also has SYSENTER, but due to errata, is unusable. Need an updated glibc to use it.
2.5.52 released December 16, 2002:
2.5.51 released December 10, 2002:
2.5.50 released November 27, 2002:
2.5.49 released November 22, 2002:
2.5.48 released November 18, 2002:
2.5.47 released November 11, 2002:
2.5.46 released November 4, 2002:
Per-cpu hot & cold page lists
2.5.45 released October 31, 2002:
2.5.44 released October 19, 2002:
New sysfs filesystem (formerly known as driverfs) (LWN article)
Plug’N Play Layer Rewrite
x86 BIOS Enhanced Disk Device (EDD) polling (LWN article)
2.5.43 released October 16, 2002:
2.5.42 released October 12, 2002:
Remove the 2TB block device limit: Block devices can now access up to 16TB on 32-bit architectures, and up to 8EB on 64-bit architectures. statfs64() syscall added: statfs() couldn’t handle it.
2.5.41 released October 7, 2002:
2.5.40 released October 1, 2002:
2.5.39 released September 27, 2002:
- New IO scheduler («deadline»)
2.5.38 released September 22, 2002:
2.5.37 released September 20, 2002:
2.5.36 released September 18, 2002:
- Hugepage support
2.5.35 released September 16, 2002:
- Serial ATA support
2.5.34 released September 9, 2002:
- POSIX threading support for signals
2.5.33 released August 31, 2002:
- TCP segmentation offload
2.5.32 released August 27, 2002:
Asynchronous IO (aio) support
2.5.31 released August 11, 2002:
- Support insane number of processes
- Disk description cleanups
- Remove incomplete SPX network stack
2.5.30 released August 1, 2002:
- Remove khttpd
2.5.29 released July 27, 2002:
- Strict address space accounting
2.5.28 released July 24, 2002:
- Remove the «Big IRQ lock»
- Serial driver restructure
2.5.27 released July 20, 2002:
2.5.26 releasaed July 16, 2002:
Direct pagecache BIO disk I/O
2.5.25 releaseed July 5, 2002:
2.5.24 released June 20, 2002:
2.5.23 released June 19, 2002:
2.5.22 released June 17, 2002:
2.5.21 released June 9, 2002:
2.5.20 released June 3, 2002:
2.5.19 released May 29, 2002:
2.5.18 released May 25, 2002:
->getattr() ->setattr() ->permission() changes
2.5.17 released May 21, 2002:
- Move ISDN4linux to CAPI based interface
2.5.16 released May 18, 2002:
2.5.15 released May 9, 2002:
2.5.14 released May 6, 2002:
- Bluetooth support (no longer experimental!)
2.5.13 released May 3, 2002:
2.5.12 released May 1, 2002:
- Rewrite of the buffer layer
2.5.11 released April 29, 2002:
- Rewrite of the framebuffer layer
2.5.10 released April 24, 2002:
2.5.9 released April 22, 2002:
- Smarter IRQ balancing
2.5.8 released April 14, 2002:
2.5.7 released March 18, 2002:
2.5.6 released March 8, 2002:
- Unicode and large file support for smbfs
2.5.5 released February 20, 2002:
2.5.4 released February 11, 2002:
Per network protocol slabcache & sock.h
2.5.3 released January 30, 2002:
PnP BIOS driver
Generic Extended Attribute support
2.5.2 released January 15, 2002:
2.5.1 December 17, 2001:
- VFS changes: Now it is possible to atomically move a subtree to another place, «mount —move olddir newdir»
- Rewrite of the block IO (bio) layer
KernelNewbies: LinuxVersions (последним исправлял пользователь diegocalleja 2021-09-04 00:39:22)
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Kernel
According to Wikipedia:
The Linux kernel is an open-source monolithic Unix-like computer operating system kernel.
Arch Linux is based on the Linux kernel. There are various alternative Linux kernels available for Arch Linux in addition to the latest stable kernel. This article lists some of the options available in the repositories with a brief description of each. There is also a description of patches that can be applied to the system’s kernel. The article ends with an overview of custom kernel compilation with links to various methods.
Kernel packages are installed onto the file system under /boot/ . To be able to boot into kernels, the boot loader has to be configured appropriately.
Contents
Officially supported kernels
Community support on forum and bug reporting is available for officially supported kernels.
- Stable — Vanilla Linux kernel and modules, with a few patches applied.
https://www.kernel.org/ || linux
- Hardened — A security-focused Linux kernel applying a set of hardening patches to mitigate kernel and userspace exploits. It also enables more upstream kernel hardening features than linux .
https://github.com/anthraxx/linux-hardened || linux-hardened
- Longterm — Long-term support (LTS) Linux kernel and modules.
https://www.kernel.org/ || linux-lts
- Zen Kernel — Result of a collaborative effort of kernel hackers to provide the best Linux kernel possible for everyday systems. Some more details can be found on https://liquorix.net (which provides kernel binaries based on Zen for Debian).
https://github.com/zen-kernel/zen-kernel || linux-zen
Compilation
Following methods can be used to compile your own kernel:
/Arch Build System Takes advantage of the high quality of existing linux PKGBUILD and the benefits of package management. /Traditional compilation Involves manually downloading a source tarball, and compiling in your home directory as a normal user.
Some of the listed packages may also be available as binary packages via Unofficial user repositories.
kernel.org kernels
- Git — Linux kernel and modules built using sources from Linus Torvalds’ Git repository
https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git || linux-gitAUR
- Mainline — Kernels where all new features are introduced, released every 2-3 months.
https://www.kernel.org/ || linux-mainlineAUR
- Next — Bleeding edge kernels with features pending to be merged into next mainline release.
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/linux-next.html || linux-next-gitAUR
- Longterm 4.4 — Long-term support (LTS) Linux 4.4 kernel and modules.
https://www.kernel.org/ || linux-lts44AUR
- Longterm 4.9 — Long-term support (LTS) Linux 4.9 kernel and modules.
https://www.kernel.org/ || linux-lts49AUR
- Longterm 4.14 — Long-term support (LTS) Linux 4.14 kernel and modules.
https://www.kernel.org/ || linux-lts414AUR
- Longterm 4.19 — Long-term support (LTS) Linux 4.19 kernel and modules.
https://www.kernel.org/ || linux-lts419AUR
- Longterm 5.4 — Long-term support (LTS) Linux 5.4 kernel and modules.
https://www.kernel.org/ || linux-lts54AUR
Unofficial kernels
- Aufs — The aufs-compatible linux kernel and modules, useful when using docker.
http://aufs.sourceforge.net/ || linux-aufsAUR
- Ck — Contains patches by Con Kolivas (including the MuQSS scheduler) designed to improve system responsiveness with specific emphasis on the desktop, but they are suitable to any workload.
http://ck.kolivas.org/ || linux-ckAUR
- Clear — Patches from Intel’s Clear Linux project. Provides performance and security optimizations.
https://github.com/clearlinux-pkgs/linux || linux-clearAUR
- GalliumOS — The Linux kernel and modules with GalliumOS patches for Chromebooks.
https://github.com/GalliumOS/linux || linux-galliumosAUR
- Libre — Without propietary or obfuscated device drivers.
https://www.fsfla.org/ikiwiki/selibre/linux-libre/ || linux-libreAUR
- Liquorix — Kernel replacement built using Debian-targeted configuration and the Zen kernel sources. Designed for desktop, multimedia, and gaming workloads, it is often used as a Debian Linux performance replacement kernel. Damentz, the maintainer of the Liquorix patchset, is a developer for the Zen patchset as well.
https://liquorix.net || linux-lqxAUR
- MultiPath TCP — The Linux Kernel and modules with Multipath TCP support.
https://multipath-tcp.org/ || linux-mptcpAUR
- pf-kernel — Provides a handful of awesome features which are not merged into a kernel mainline. Maintained by a kernel engineer. If the port for the included patch for new kernels was not released officially, the patchset provides and supports patch ports to new kernels. The current most prominent patches of linux-pf are PDS CPU scheduler and UKSM.
https://gitlab.com/post-factum/pf-kernel/wikis/README || Packages:
- Repository by pf-kernel developer post-factum
- Repository, linux-pfAUR , linux-pf-preset-defaultAUR by pf-kernel fork developer Thaodan
- linux-pf-gitAUR by yurikoles
- Realtime kernel — Maintained by a small group of core developers led by Ingo Molnar. This patch allows nearly all of the kernel to be preempted, with the exception of a few very small regions of code («raw_spinlock critical regions»). This is done by replacing most kernel spinlocks with mutexes that support priority inheritance, as well as moving all interrupt and software interrupts to kernel threads.
https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/start || linux-rtAUR , linux-rt-ltsAUR
- tkg — A highly customizable kernel build system that provides a selection of patches and tweaks aiming for better desktop and gaming performance. It is maintained by Etienne Juvigny. Amongst other patches, it offers various CPU schedulers: CFS, Project C PDS, Project C BMQ, MuQSS and CacULE.
https://github.com/Frogging-Family/linux-tkg || not packaged? search in AUR
- VFIO — The Linux kernel and a few patches written by Alex Williamson (acs override and i915) to enable the ability to do PCI Passthrough with KVM on some machines.
https://lwn.net/Articles/499240/ || linux-vfioAUR , linux-vfio-ltsAUR
- XanMod — Aiming to take full advantage in high-performance workstations, gaming desktops, media centers and others and built to provide a more rock-solid, responsive and smooth desktop experience. This kernel uses the MuQSS or CacULE scheduler, BFQ I/O scheduler, UKSM realtime memory data deduplication, TCP BBR congestion control, x86_64 advanced instruction set support, and other default changes.
https://xanmod.org/ || linux-xanmodAUR , linux-xanmod-caculeAUR
Debugging regressions
Try linux-mainline AUR to check if the issue is already fixed upstream. The stickied comment also mentions a repository which contains already built kernels, so it may not be necessary to build it manually, which can take some time.
It may also be worth considering trying the LTS kernel ( linux-lts ) to debug issues which did not appear recently. Older versions of the LTS kernel can be found in the Arch Linux Archive.
If the issue still persists, bisect linux-git AUR and report the bug on the kernel bugzilla. It is important to try the «vanilla» version without any patches to make sure it is not related to them. If a patch causes the issue, report it to the author of the patch.
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