Linux list file system

10 basic & powerful commands to check file system type in Linux/Unix

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Any operating system must be able to access and manage files on storage devices; however, the manner in which the files are organized on a storage device is actually set by the underlying filesystem.With Linux and Unix there are various filesystem types, so in this article I will share multiple commands and methods to check file system type in Linux and Unix.

Before we try to determine and check file system type, we must be familiar with the term «File System».

What is a FileSystem?

As you probably know, or at least can guess, hard drives are not monolithic entities with data simply spread haphazardly around the hard drive. Hard drives are organized into sectors and clusters. Data of any type is organized into files. Whether it is a document, image, spreadsheet, or even an executable program, it is a file. That file may be stored in one or more clusters.

Filesystems are responsible to organize, find, and work with those files that are on the hard drive. There are issues that any filesystem must address in order to handle files effectively.

The first issue occurs because many files are larger than a single sector or cluster. So, locating the entirety of a file on a hard drive is an issue that must be addressed. The operating system may need to check several clusters, not necessarily contiguous, to find a file.

Another problem is how to store the files in clusters and sectors. Also, a filesystem must address how to handle space left due to deleted or moved files.

Now since we know what is a File System, Let us start with the actual agenda of this article.

Commands to check file system type in Linux or Unix

1. blkid

blkid can determine the type of content (e.g. filesystem or swap) that a block device holds, and also the attributes (tokens, NAME=value pairs) from the content metadata (e.g. LABEL or UUID fields).

You must execute blkid as root user without any directives and check » TYPE » field to check file system type of respective partition or device in Linux or Unix.

With -t, —match-token NAME=value , you can search for block devices with tokens named NAME that have the value value, and display any devices which are found. Common values for NAME include TYPE , LABEL , and UUID

For example to list and check file system type for ext4 FS:

2. lsblk

lsblk lists information about all available or the specified block devices. lsblk command provides more information, better control on output formatting, easy to use in scripts and it does not require root permissions to get actual information.

df is another popular and most used command to display the amount of disk space available on the file system containing each file name argument. If no file name is given, the space available on all currently mounted file systems is shown.

Using -T directive with df command you can print file system type of all the mounted file systems.

Alternatively you can specify a device with df command to check file system type of the respective device

4. findmnt

findmnt will list all mounted filesystems or search for a filesystem. The findmnt command is able to search in /etc/fstab , /etc/mtab or /proc/self/mountinfo . If device or mountpoint is not given, all filesystems are shown.

Using —fstab directive, findmnt command will search in /etc/fstab and with -t it will limit the set of printed filesystems

If used without any directive, findmnt command will give you long list of output with all bind mounts

5. file

file command is normally only attempts to read and determine the type of argument files. Specifying the -s option causes file to also read argument files which are block or character special files. This is useful for determining and to check file system types of the data in raw disk partitions, which are block special files

6. udevadm

udevadm command queries the udev database for device information stored in the udev database. It can also query the properties of a device from its sysfs representation to help creating udev rules that match this device.

Using —query you can query the database for the specified type of device data. The below command gives a long output so we will grep the required data to check file system type for our device /dev/sda1

Some more commands and methods to determine filesystem type in Linux or Unix

Now above were some of the most used commands to check file system type but there are many other methods using which you can determine filesystem type

7. File /etc/fstab content

Normally all the devices we use are mounted via /etc/fstab file to make the mounting reboot persistent. So you can always refer /etc/fstab file to check file system type, for example:

Here the first column of the file specifies the partition device path while the third column shows the file system type of the respective device.

8. File /etc/mtab content

Similar to /etc/fstab you can also refer /etc/mtab to get the list of currently mounted file system along with the file system type.

Here also the first column of the file specifies the partition device path while the third column shows the file system type of the respective device.

9. File /proc/mounts

Now /proc/mounts file refers /etc/mtab so this is not a new method but just another file which you can look into to check file system type in Linux or Unix.

10. mount command

Again, mount command will also refer /etc/mtab file to get the list of mounted file systems and can also help you determine file system type of individual devices.

Lastly I hope the methods and commands from the article to determine and check file system type on Linux and Unix was helpful. So, let me know your suggestions and feedback using the comment section.

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7 Ways to Determine the File System Type in Linux (Ext2, Ext3 or Ext4)

A file system is the way in which files are named, stored, retrieved as well as updated on a storage disk or partition; the way files are organized on the disk.

A file system is divided in two segments called: User Data and Metadata (file name, time it was created, modified time, it’s size and location in the directory hierarchy etc).

In this guide, we will explain seven ways to identify your Linux file system type such as Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, BtrFS, GlusterFS plus many more.

1. Using df Command

df command reports file system disk space usage, to include the file system type on a particular disk partition, use the -T flag as below:

df Command – Find Filesystem Type

For a comprehensive guide for df command usage go through our articles:

2. Using fsck Command

fsck is used to check and optionally repair Linux file systems, it can also print the file system type on specified disk partitions.

The flag -N disables checking of file system for errors, it just shows what would be done (but all we need is the file system type):

fsck – Print Linux Filesystem Type

3. Using lsblk Command

lsblk displays block devices, when used with the -f option, it prints file system type on partitions as well:

lsblk – Shows Linux Filesystem Type

4. Using mount Command

mount command is used to mount a file system in Linux, it can also be used to mount an ISO image, mount remote Linux filesystem and so much more.

When run without any arguments, it prints info about disk partitions including the file system type as below:

Mount – Show Filesystem Type in Linux

5. Using blkid Command

blkid command is used to find or print block device properties, simply specify the disk partition as an argument like so:

blkid – Find Filesystem Type

6. Using file Command

file command identifies file type, the -s flag enables reading of block or character files and -L enables following of symlinks:

file – Identifies Filesystem Type

7. Using fstab File

The /etc/fstab is a static file system info (such as mount point, file system type, mount options etc) file:

Fstab – Shows Linux Filesystem Type

That’s it! In this guide, we explained seven ways to identify your Linux file system type. Do you know of any method not mentioned here? Share it with us in the comments.

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File systems

In computing, a file system or filesystem controls how data is stored and retrieved. Without a file system, information placed in a storage medium would be one large body of data with no way to tell where one piece of information stops and the next begins. By separating the data into pieces and giving each piece a name, the information is easily isolated and identified. Taking its name from the way paper-based information systems are named, each group of data is called a «file». The structure and logic rules used to manage the groups of information and their names is called a «file system».

Individual drive partitions can be setup using one of the many different available filesystems. Each has its own advantages, disadvantages, and unique idiosyncrasies. A brief overview of supported filesystems follows; the links are to Wikipedia pages that provide much more information.

Contents

Types of file systems

The factual accuracy of this article or section is disputed.

See filesystems(5) for a general overview and Wikipedia:Comparison of file systems for a detailed feature comparison. File systems supported by the kernel are listed in /proc/filesystems .

In-tree and FUSE file systems

File system	Creation command	Userspace utilities	Archiso [1]	Kernel documentation [2]	Notes
Btrfs	mkfs.btrfs(8)	btrfs-progs	Yes	btrfs.html	Stability status
VFAT	mkfs.fat(8)	dosfstools	Yes	vfat.html	Windows 9x file system
exFAT	mkfs.exfat(8)	exfatprogs	Yes	Native file system in Linux 5.4. [3]
	mkexfatfs(8)	exfat-utils	No	N/A (FUSE-based)
F2FS	mkfs.f2fs(8)	f2fs-tools	Yes	f2fs.html	Flash-based devices
ext3	mkfs.ext3(8)	e2fsprogs	Yes	ext3.html
ext4	mkfs.ext4(8)	e2fsprogs	Yes	ext4.html
HFS	mkfs.hfsplus(8)	hfsprogs AUR	No	hfs.html	Classic Mac OS file system
HFS+	mkfs.hfsplus(8)	hfsprogs AUR	No	hfsplus.html	macOS (8–10.12) file system
JFS	mkfs.jfs(8)	jfsutils	Yes	jfs.html
NILFS2	mkfs.nilfs2(8)	nilfs-utils	Yes	nilfs2.html	Raw flash devices, e.g. SD card
NTFS	No	ntfs.html	Windows NT file system. Kernel’s in-built driver has very limited write support. officially supported kernels are built without CONFIG_NTFS_FS so this driver is not available.
	mkfs.ntfs(8)	ntfs-3g	Yes	N/A (FUSE-based)	FUSE driver with extended capabilities.
ReiserFS	mkfs.reiserfs(8)	reiserfsprogs	Yes
UDF	mkfs.udf(8)	udftools	Yes	udf.html
XFS	mkfs.xfs(8)	xfsprogs	Yes

Out-of-tree file systems

File system	Creation command	Kernel patchset	Userspace utilities	Notes
APFS	mkapfs(8)	linux-apfs-rw-dkms-git AUR	apfsprogs-git AUR	macOS (10.13 and newer) file system. Read only, experimental.
Bcachefs	bcachefs(8)	linux-bcachefs-git AUR	bcachefs-tools-git AUR
NTFS3	ntfs3-dkms AUR	Paragon NTFS3 driver FAQ
Reiser4	mkfs.reiser4(8)	reiser4progs AUR
ZFS	zfs-linux AUR , zfs-dkms AUR	zfs-utils AUR	OpenZFS port

Journaling

All the above filesystems with the exception of exFAT, ext2, FAT16/32, Reiser4 (optional), Btrfs and ZFS, use journaling. Journaling provides fault-resilience by logging changes before they are committed to the filesystem. In the event of a system crash or power failure, such file systems are faster to bring back online and less likely to become corrupted. The logging takes place in a dedicated area of the filesystem.

Not all journaling techniques are the same. Ext3 and ext4 offer data-mode journaling, which logs both data and meta-data, as well as possibility to journal only meta-data changes. Data-mode journaling comes with a speed penalty and is not enabled by default. In the same vein, Reiser4 offers so-called «transaction models» which not only change the features it provides, but in its journaling mode. It uses a different journaling techniques: a special model called wandering logs which eliminates the need to write to the disk twice, write-anywhere—a pure copy-on-write approach (mostly equivalent to btrfs’ default but with a fundamentally different «tree» design) and a combined approach called hybrid which heuristically alternates between the two former.

The other filesystems provide ordered-mode journaling, which only logs meta-data. While all journaling will return a filesystem to a valid state after a crash, data-mode journaling offers the greatest protection against corruption and data loss. There is a compromise in system performance, however, because data-mode journaling does two write operations: first to the journal and then to the disk (which Reiser4 avoids with its «wandering logs» feature). The trade-off between system speed and data safety should be considered when choosing the filesystem type. Reiser4 is the only filesystem that by design operates on full atomicity and also provides checksums for both meta-data and inline data (operations entirely occur, or they entirely do not and does not corrupt or destroy data due to operations half-occurring) and by design is therefore much less prone to data loss than other file systems like Btrfs.

Filesystems based on copy-on-write (also known as write-anywhere), such as Reiser4, Btrfs and ZFS, have no need to use traditional journal to protect metadata, because they are never updated in-place. Although Btrfs still has a journal-like log tree, it is only used to speed-up fdatasync/fsync.

FUSE-based file systems

Stackable file systems

• aufs — Advanced Multi-layered Unification Filesystem, a FUSE based union filesystem, a complete rewrite of Unionfs, was rejected from Linux mainline and instead OverlayFS was merged into the Linux Kernel.

http://aufs.sourceforge.net || linux-aufsAUR

• eCryptfs — The Enterprise Cryptographic Filesystem is a package of disk encryption software for Linux. It is implemented as a POSIX-compliant filesystem-level encryption layer, aiming to offer functionality similar to that of GnuPG at the operating system level.

https://ecryptfs.org || ecryptfs-utils

• mergerfs — a FUSE based union filesystem.

https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs || mergerfsAUR

• mhddfs — Multi-HDD FUSE filesystem, a FUSE based union filesystem.

http://mhddfs.uvw.ru || mhddfsAUR

• overlayfs — OverlayFS is a filesystem service for Linux which implements a union mount for other file systems.

https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/filesystems/overlayfs.html || linux

• Unionfs — Unionfs is a filesystem service for Linux, FreeBSD and NetBSD which implements a union mount for other file systems.

https://unionfs.filesystems.org/ || not packaged? search in AUR

• unionfs-fuse — A user space Unionfs implementation.

https://github.com/rpodgorny/unionfs-fuse || unionfs-fuse

Read-only file systems

• EROFS — Enhanced Read-Only File System is a lightweight read-only file system, it aims to improve performance and compress storage capacity.

https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/filesystems/erofs.html || erofs-utils

• SquashFS — SquashFS is a compressed read only filesystem. SquashFS compresses files, inodes and directories, and supports block sizes up to 1 MB for greater compression.

https://github.com/plougher/squashfs-tools || squashfs-tools

Clustered file systems

• Ceph — Unified, distributed storage system designed for excellent performance, reliability and scalability.

https://ceph.com/ || ceph

• Glusterfs — Cluster file system capable of scaling to several peta-bytes.

https://www.gluster.org/ || glusterfs

• IPFS — A peer-to-peer hypermedia protocol to make the web faster, safer, and more open. IPFS aims replace HTTP and build a better web for all of us. Uses blocks to store parts of a file, each network node stores only content it is interested, provides deduplication, distribution, scalable system limited only by users. (currently in alpha)

https://ipfs.io/ || go-ipfs

• MooseFS — MooseFS is a fault tolerant, highly available and high performance scale-out network distributed file system.

https://moosefs.com || moosefs

• OpenAFS — Open source implementation of the AFS distributed file system

https://www.openafs.org || openafsAUR

• OrangeFS — OrangeFS is a scale-out network file system designed for transparently accessing multi-server-based disk storage, in parallel. Has optimized MPI-IO support for parallel and distributed applications. Simplifies the use of parallel storage not only for Linux clients, but also for Windows, Hadoop, and WebDAV. POSIX-compatible. Part of Linux kernel since version 4.6.

https://www.orangefs.org/ || not packaged? search in AUR

• Sheepdog — Distributed object storage system for volume and container services and manages the disks and nodes intelligently.

https://sheepdog.github.io/sheepdog/ || sheepdogAUR

• Tahoe-LAFS — Tahoe Least-Authority Filesystem is a free and open, secure, decentralized, fault-tolerant, peer-to-peer distributed data store and distributed file system.

https://tahoe-lafs.org/ || tahoe-lafsAUR

Shared-disk file system

• GFS2 — GFS2 allows all members of a cluster to have direct concurrent access to the same shared block storage

https://pagure.io/gfs2-utils || gfs2-utilsAUR

• OCFS2 — The Oracle Cluster File System (version 2) is a shared disk file system developed by Oracle Corporation and released under the GNU General Public License

https://oss.oracle.com/projects/ocfs2/ || ocfs2-toolsAUR

• VMware VMFS — VMware’s VMFS (Virtual Machine File System) is used by the company’s flagship server virtualization suite, vSphere.

https://www.vmware.com/products/vi/esx/vmfs.html || vmfs-toolsAUR

Identify existing file systems

To identify existing file systems, you can use lsblk:

An existing file system, if present, will be shown in the FSTYPE column. If mounted, it will appear in the MOUNTPOINT column.

Create a file system

File systems are usually created on a partition, inside logical containers such as LVM, RAID and dm-crypt, or on a regular file (see Wikipedia:Loop device). This section describes the partition case.

Before continuing, identify the device where the file system will be created and whether or not it is mounted. For example:

Mounted file systems must be unmounted before proceeding. In the above example an existing filesystem is on /dev/sda2 and is mounted at /mnt . It would be unmounted with:

To find just mounted file systems, see #List mounted file systems.

To create a new file system, use mkfs(8) . See #Types of file systems for the exact type, as well as userspace utilities you may wish to install for a particular file system.

For example, to create a new file system of type ext4 (common for Linux data partitions) on /dev/sda1 , run:

The new file system can now be mounted to a directory of choice.

Mount a file system

To manually mount filesystem located on a device (e.g., a partition) to a directory, use mount(8) . This example mounts /dev/sda1 to /mnt .

This attaches the filesystem on /dev/sda1 at the directory /mnt , making the contents of the filesystem visible. Any data that existed at /mnt before this action is made invisible until the device is unmounted.

fstab contains information on how devices should be automatically mounted if present. See the fstab article for more information on how to modify this behavior.

If a device is specified in /etc/fstab and only the device or mount point is given on the command line, that information will be used in mounting. For example, if /etc/fstab contains a line indicating that /dev/sda1 should be mounted to /mnt , then the following will automatically mount the device to that location:

mount contains several options, many of which depend on the file system specified. The options can be changed, either by:

• using flags on the command line with mount
• editing fstab
• creating udev rules
• compiling the kernel yourself
• or using filesystem-specific mount scripts (located at /usr/bin/mount.* ).

See these related articles and the article of the filesystem of interest for more information.

List mounted file systems

To list all mounted file systems, use findmnt(8) :

findmnt takes a variety of arguments which can filter the output and show additional information. For example, it can take a device or mount point as an argument to show only information on what is specified:

findmnt gathers information from /etc/fstab , /etc/mtab , and /proc/self/mounts .

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