Linux mount all command

mount command in Linux with Examples

All files in a Linux filesystem are arranged in form of a big tree rooted at ‘/‘.These files can be spread out on various devices based on your partition table, initially your parent directory is mounted(i.e attached) to this tree at ‘/‘, others can be mounted manually using GUI interface(if available) or using mount command.
mount command is used to mount the filesystem found on a device to big tree structure(Linux filesystem) rooted at ‘/‘. Conversely, another command umount can be used to detach these devices from the Tree.

Syntax:

Other forms:

These commands tells the Kernel to attach the filesystem found at device to the dir.

Note:

Note: It is important to note that we are only discussing the standard form of mount command given as syntax. Different forms are somewhat discussed because it has certain limitations on different kernels.

Some Important Options:

• l : Lists all the file systems mounted yet.
• h : Displays options for command.
• V : Displays the version information.
• a : Mounts all devices described at /etc/fstab.
• t : Type of filesystem device uses.
• T : Describes an alternative fstab file.
• r : Read-only mode mounted.

Examples:

Displays information about file systems mounted:

Mounts file systems:

Displays version information:

Unmounts file systems:

Источник

Linux Mount Command Tutorial With Examples

As we know Linux operating system mainly uses files and folders as operational units. Files folders are stored in file systems and disks. There are different tools to manage file systems and disks. But mount is de facto command used to mount and list disks and file systems? In this tutorial, we will look at different types of usages of the mount.

List Mounted Paths

Normally most of the Linux operating systems are started by mounting some file systems for system partition and user partition. The mounted partitions can be changed according to configuration. These partitions and file systems can be listed just issuing mount command like below. In this example we can see that are are some pseudo partitions those used by operations system-related functionalities.

Mount Given Partition or Disk To The Specified Path

Mount file systems and partitions are not so hard or complex in the command line. To mount just provide the partitions that will be mounted and the destination where the mounted partition will be accessed.

Mount Ext4 File System

In the previous example, we have mounted a partition without specifying a file system. Because the mount is decided the partitions file system automatically and set required parameters internally without needing any additional information. But sometimes this can not work. We can specify the file system type with -t parameter like below. In this example, we will mount the ext4 file system.

Mount NTFS File System

As we know NTFS is a Windows native file system. The mounting NTFS file system is very similar. NTFS provides a reach feature set like the BTRFS file system which is used by some of the distributions. We can see from mount output that NTFS is named fuseblk .

Mount FAT File System

FAT is the predecessor of the NTFS file system and used wide in different systems like cameras, TV, etc. FAT file systems can be specifically mounted like below.

Mount ISO File System

CD-ROM is old technology nowadays. But the CD-ROM de facto file system ISO is used regularly for distribution of Linux distributions, Setup tools, etc. These ISO file systems can be mounted with the following command.

Mount All File Systems Of Fstab

Up to now we have mounted file systems by giving details. There is a configuration file used by mount which resides /etc/fstab . This file is used to mount file systems during boot time. But this configuration file can be used after boot.

Unmount All File Systems Of Fstab

In the previous example, we have used fstab file as mount configuration but this can be also used as unmount configuration to unmount all file systems specified in fstab.

Mount Specific File Systems Of Fstab

Fstab can be used to get mount configuration of the specific mount points. Below is an example fstab file that provides mount configuration for /mnt . We will mount this line by specifying the mount path.

And we mount /mnt

List Mounted File Systems

Mounted file systems can be listed with -l parameter.

List Mounted Ext3 File Systems

While listing specific file systems can be specified to be listed. This can be used

List Mounted Ext4 File Systems

Ext4 file systems can be listed with the -t ext4 parameter like below.

List Mounted Btrfs File Systems

Btrfs file systems can be a list with the -t btrfs like below.

Bind Mounted Path To New Path

After mounting to a directory the mount point can be changed. We will provide the current mounted point and new mount point in a row with -B parameter. This actually does not removes old mount only adds the new directory as the mount.

Mount File System Read Only

While mounting file systems there are a lot of options that affect the mount operation. One of the most used options is to read/write option. By default file systems are mounted read/writeable. But there are some situations we need to mount read-only. Mount can mount read-only with -r .

Remount Mounted File System

All ready mounted file systems can be remounted easily with -o mount parameter. This is needed some times some configurations about the file system is changed and make new configuration effective.

Unmount Multiple Mounts

Previously we have mounted multiple mount points. Now we may want to unmount the multiple mount points with the following commands.

Lazy Unmount

Unmounting have some restrictions. While there are operations on the mounted partitions these partitions can not be unmounted. This can be an unwanted situation. There is a workaround which will unmount the system after the operation on the mount point.

Force Unmount

In the previous example, we have looked lazy unmount which will wait for the operation to end in order to unmount the mount point. There is a hard way which will forcibly unmount the mount point. But keep in mind that this can create problems with file systems.

Источник

How to Mount and Unmount Filesystem in Linux

1. Introduction

Mount is to access a filesystem in Linux. You can mount a filesystem on any directory and access content by entering to that directory. In Linux terms, these directories are called mount points. This tutorial will help you to mount and unmount filesystem in Linux system.

2. Use mount Command

Mostly, each Linux/Unix operating systems provides mount command. This command is used to mounting any file system on any directory. After that you can access the filesystem content.

For example, you have added a disk /dev/sdb on on your system. Now you want to mount this on /data directory. Use following command to mount it.

Mount command automatically detects the file system on disk. But in some cases, you need specify the file system type with command.

3. Unmount Filesystem

Use umount command to unmount any mounted filesystem on your system. Run umount command with disk name or mount point name to unmount currently mounted disk.

4. Mount Disk on System Boot

You also required to mount disk on system boot. So that partitions will be available on system boot. /etc/fstab file is used to mount disks. You need to edit /etc/fstab and make new entry to mount the partitions automatically.

Edit /etc/fstab and append below line at end of file. Change /dev/sdb with your disk name.

Now run mount -a command to immediate mount all disk defined in /etc/fstab file.

Источник

Using Linux mount Command

Mount attaches filesystems so you can browse them

The Linux mount command loads the filesystems of USBs, DVDs, SD cards, and other types of storage devices on a computer running the Linux operating system. Linux uses a directory tree structure. Unless the storage device is mounted to the tree structure, the user can’t open any of the files on the computer.

How to Use the Mount and Umount Commands in Linux

External storage media devices are usually mounted in subdirectories of the /mnt directory, but they can be mounted by default in any other directory created by the user. The following example illustrates the typical use of the mount command to attach the file directory of a device to the file directory tree of the Linux system. In this example, a CD is inserted into the computer’s CD drive. To see the files on the CD, open a terminal window in Linux and enter:

This command connects the device /dev/cdrom (the CD ROM drive) to the directory /mnt/cdrom so you can access the files and directories on the CD ROM disk under the /mnt/cdrom directory, which is called the mount point. It must exist when the command is executed. The mount point becomes the root directory of the device’s file system.

To unmount the same CD ROM drive, enter this command:

After the unmount command is executed, the files and directories on the CD ROM are no longer accessible from the directory tree of the Linux system.

This command has the same effect:

It unmounts the CD ROM.

Each type of device has a different mount point. In these examples, the mount point is the /mnt/cdrom directory. The default mount points for the various devices are defined in the file /etc/fstab.

Some Linux distributions use a program called automount, which automatically mounts all the partitions and devices listed in /etc/fstab.

How to Make a Mount Point

If the device you want to access doesn’t have a default mount point listed in /etc/fstab, you have to make a mount point. For example, to access an SD card from a camera, but the SD card isn’t listed in /etc/fstab, mount it from the shell prompt.

Insert the SD card into the SD reader, either built-in or external, then type this command to list the devices that are accessible on the computer:

Write the device name assigned to the SD card. It will be in a format similar to /dev/sdc1 and appear at the beginning of one of the lines.

This command makes a new mount point for the camera’s SD card. Now you can use /mnt/SD in the mount command along with the device name you wrote down to mount the SD card. Which looks like this:

Источник

mount — Unix, Linux Command

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

The standard form of the mount command, is
mount -t type device dir This tells the kernel to attach the file system found on device (which is of type type) at the directory dir. The previous contents (if any) and owner and mode of dir become invisible, and as long as this file system remains mounted, the pathname dir refers to the root of the file system on device.

Three forms of invocation do not actually mount anything:
mount -h prints a help message;
mount -V prints a version string; and just mount [-l] [-t type] lists all mounted file systems (of type type). The option -l adds the (ext2, ext3 and XFS) labels in this listing. See below.

Since Linux 2.4.0 it is possible to remount part of the file hierarchy somewhere else. The call is
mount —bind olddir newdir After this call the same contents is accessible in two places. One can also remount a single file (on a single file).

This call attaches only (part of) a single filesystem, not possible submounts. The entire file hierarchy including submounts is attached a second place using
mount —rbind olddir newdir

Note that the filesystem mount options will remain the same as those on the original mount point, and cannot be changed by passing the -o option along with —bind/—rbind.

Since Linux 2.5.1 it is possible to atomically move a mounted tree to another place. The call is
mount —move olddir newdir

Since Linux 2.6.15 it is possible to mark a mount and its submounts as shared, private, slave or unbindable. A shared mount provides ability to create mirrors of that mount such that mounts and umounts within any of the mirrors propagate to the other mirror. A slave mount receives propagation from its master, but any not vice-versa. A private mount carries no propagation abilities. A unbindable mount is a private mount which cannot cloned through a bind operation. Detailed semantics is documented in Documentation/sharedsubtree.txt file in the kernel source tree.
mount —make-shared mountpoint
mount —make-slave mountpoint
mount —make-private mountpoint
mount —make-unbindable mountpoint

The following commands allows one to recursively change the type of all the mounts under a given mountpoint.
mount —make-rshared mountpoint
mount —make-rslave mountpoint
mount —make-rprivate mountpoint
«mount —make-runbindable mountpoint»

The proc file system is not associated with a special device, and when mounting it, an arbitrary keyword, such as proc can be used instead of a device specification. (The customary choice none is less fortunate: the error message ‘none busy’ from umount can be confusing.)

Most devices are indicated by a file name (of a block special device), like /dev/sda1, but there are other possibilities. For example, in the case of an NFS mount, device may look like knuth.cwi.nl:/dir. It is possible to indicate a block special device using its volume label or UUID (see the -L and -U options below).

The file /etc/fstab (see fstab(5)), may contain lines describing what devices are usually mounted where, using which options. This file is used in three ways:

(i) The command
mount -a [-t type] [-O optlist] (usually given in a bootscript) causes all file systems mentioned in fstab (of the proper type and/or having or not having the proper options) to be mounted as indicated, except for those whose line contains the noauto keyword. Adding the -F option will make mount fork, so that the filesystems are mounted simultaneously.

(ii) When mounting a file system mentioned in fstab, it suffices to give only the device, or only the mount point.

(iii) Normally, only the superuser can mount file systems. However, when fstab contains the user option on a line, anybody can mount the corresponding system.

Thus, given a line
/dev/cdrom /cd iso9660 ro,user,noauto,unhide any user can mount the iso9660 file system found on his CDROM using the command
mount /dev/cdrom or
mount /cd For more details, see fstab(5). Only the user that mounted a filesystem can unmount it again. If any user should be able to unmount, then use users instead of user in the fstab line. The owner option is similar to the user option, with the restriction that the user must be the owner of the special file. This may be useful e.g. for /dev/fd if a login script makes the console user owner of this device. The group option is similar, with the restriction that the user must be member of the group of the special file.

The programs mount and umount maintain a list of currently mounted file systems in the file /etc/mtab. If no arguments are given to mount, this list is printed.

When the proc filesystem is mounted (say at /proc), the files /etc/mtab and /proc/mounts have very similar contents. The former has somewhat more information, such as the mount options used, but is not necessarily up-to-date (cf. the -n option below). It is possible to replace /etc/mtab by a symbolic link to /proc/mounts, and especially when you have very large numbers of mounts things will be much faster with that symlink, but some information is lost that way, and in particular working with the loop device will be less convenient, and using the «user» option will fail.

OPTIONS

Options available for the mount command:

Tag	Description
-V	Output version.
-h	Print a help message.
-v	Verbose mode.
-a	Mount all filesystems (of the given types) mentioned in fstab.
-F	(Used in conjunction with -a.) Fork off a new incarnation of mount for each device. This will do the mounts on different devices or different NFS servers in parallel. This has the advantage that it is faster; also NFS timeouts go in parallel. A disadvantage is that the mounts are done in undefined order. Thus, you cannot use this option if you want to mount both /usr and /usr/spool.
-f	Causes everything to be done except for the actual system call; if it’s not obvious, this ‘‘fakes’’ mounting the file system. This option is useful in conjunction with the -v flag to determine what the mount command is trying to do. It can also be used to add entries for devices that were mounted earlier with the -n option.
-i	Don’t call the /sbin/mount. helper even if it exists.
-l	Add the ext2, ext3 and XFS labels in the mount output. Mount must have permission to read the disk device (e.g. be suid root) for this to work. One can set such a label for ext2 or ext3 using the e2label(8) utility, or for XFS using xfs_admin(8), or for reiserfs using reiserfstune(8).
-n	Mount without writing in /etc/mtab. This is necessary for example when /etc is on a read-only file system.
-p num	In case of a loop mount with encryption, read the passphrase from file descriptor num instead of from the terminal.
-s	Tolerate sloppy mount options rather than failing. This will ignore mount options not supported by a filesystem type. Not all filesystems support this option. This option exists for support of the Linux autofs-based automounter.
-r	Mount the file system read-only. A synonym is -o ro.
-w	Mount the file system read/write. This is the default. A synonym is -o rw.
-L label
Mount the partition that has the specified label.
-U uuid	Mount the partition that has the specified uuid. These two options require the file /proc/partitions (present since Linux 2.1.116) to exist.
-t vfstype
The argument following the -t is used to indicate the file system type. The file system types which are currently supported include: adfs, affs, autofs, cifs, coda, coherent, cramfs, debugfs, devpts, efs, ext, ext2, ext3, hfs, hpfs, iso9660, jfs, minix, msdos, ncpfs, nfs, nfs4, ntfs, proc, qnx4, ramfs, reiserfs, romfs, smbfs, sysv, tmpfs, udf, ufs, umsdos, usbfs, vfat, xenix, xfs, xiafs. Note that coherent, sysv and xenix are equivalent and that xenix and coherent will be removed at some point in the future — use sysv instead. Since kernel version 2.1.21 the types ext and xiafs do not exist anymore. Earlier, usbfs was known as usbdevfs. For most types all the mount program has to do is issue a simple mount(2) system call, and no detailed knowledge of the filesystem type is required. For a few types however (like nfs, nfs4, cifs, smbfs, ncpfs) ad hoc code is necessary. The nfs ad hoc code is built in, but cifs, smbfs, and ncpfs have a separate mount program. In order to make it possible to treat all types in a uniform way, mount will execute the program /sbin/mount.TYPE (if that exists) when called with type TYPE. Since various versions of the smbmount program have different calling conventions, /sbin/mount.smbfs may have to be a shell script that sets up the desired call. If no -t option is given, or if the auto type is specified, mount will try to guess the desired type. If mount was compiled with the blkid library, the guessing is done by this library. Otherwise, mount guesses itself by probing the superblock; if that does not turn up anything that looks familiar, mount will try to read the file /etc/filesystems, or, if that does not exist, /proc/filesystems. All of the filesystem types listed there will be tried, except for those that are labeled «nodev» (e.g., devpts, proc, nfs, and nfs4). If /etc/filesystems ends in a line with a single * only, mount will read /proc/filesystems afterwards. The auto type may be useful for user-mounted floppies. Creating a file /etc/filesystems can be useful to change the probe order (e.g., to try vfat before msdos or ext3 before ext2) or if you use a kernel module autoloader. Warning: the probing uses a heuristic (the presence of appropriate ‘magic’), and could recognize the wrong filesystem type, possibly with catastrophic consequences. If your data is valuable, don’t ask mount to guess. More than one type may be specified in a comma separated list. The list of file system types can be prefixed with no to specify the file system types on which no action should be taken. (This can be meaningful with the -a option.) For example, the command: Tag Description mount -a -t nomsdos,ext mounts all file systems except those of type msdos and ext.
-O	Used in conjunction with -a, to limit the set of filesystems to which the -a is applied. Like -t in this regard except that it is useless except in the context of -a. For example, the command: Tag Description mount -a -O no_netdev mounts all file systems except those which have the option _netdev specified in the options field in the /etc/fstab file. It is different from -t in that each option is matched exactly; a leading no at the beginning of one option does not negate the rest. The -t and -O options are cumulative in effect; that is, the command Tag Description mount -a -t ext2 -O _netdev mounts all ext2 filesystems with the _netdev option, not all filesystems that are either ext2 or have the _netdev option specified.
-o	Options are specified with a -o flag followed by a comma separated string of options. Some of these options are only useful when they appear in the /etc/fstab file. The following options apply to any file system that is being mounted (but not every file system actually honors them — e.g., the sync option today has effect only for ext2, ext3, fat, vfat and ufs): Tag Description async All I/O to the file system should be done asynchronously. atime Update inode access time for each access. This is the default. auto Can be mounted with the -a option. defaults Use default options: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, and async. dev Interpret character or block special devices on the file system. exec Permit execution of binaries. group Allow an ordinary (i.e., non-root) user to mount the file system if one of his groups matches the group of the device. This option implies the options nosuid and nodev (unless overridden by subsequent options, as in the option line group,dev,suid). mand Allow mandatory locks on this filesystem. See fcntl(2). _netdev The filesystem resides on a device that requires network access (used to prevent the system from attempting to mount these filesystems until the network has been enabled on the system). noatime Do not update inode access times on this file system (e.g, for faster access on the news spool to speed up news servers). nodiratime Do not update directory inode access times on this filesystem. noauto Can only be mounted explicitly (i.e., the -a option will not cause the file system to be mounted). nodev Do not interpret character or block special devices on the file system. noexec Do not allow direct execution of any binaries on the mounted file system. (Until recently it was possible to run binaries anyway using a command like /lib/ld*.so /mnt/binary. This trick fails since Linux 2.4.25 / 2.6.0.) nomand Do not allow mandatory locks on this filesystem. nosuid Do not allow set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier bits to take effect. (This seems safe, but is in fact rather unsafe if you have suidperl(1) installed.) nouser Forbid an ordinary (i.e., non-root) user to mount the file system. This is the default. owner Allow an ordinary (i.e., non-root) user to mount the file system if he is the owner of the device. This option implies the options nosuid and nodev (unless overridden by subsequent options, as in the option line owner,dev,suid). remount Attempt to remount an already-mounted file system. This is commonly used to change the mount flags for a file system, especially to make a readonly file system writeable. It does not change device or mount point. ro Mount the file system read-only. _rnetdev Like _netdev, except «fsck -a» checks this filesystem during rc.sysinit. rw Mount the file system read-write. suid Allow set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier bits to take effect. sync All I/O to the file system should be done synchronously. In case of media with limited number of write cycles (e.g. some flash drives) «sync» may cause life-cycle shortening. dirsync All directory updates within the file system should be done synchronously. This affects the following system calls: creat, link, unlink, symlink, mkdir, rmdir, mknod and rename. user Allow an ordinary user to mount the file system. The name of the mounting user is written to mtab so that he can unmount the file system again. This option implies the options noexec, nosuid, and nodev (unless overridden by subsequent options, as in the option line user,exec,dev,suid). users Allow every user to mount and unmount the file system. This option implies the options noexec, nosuid, and nodev (unless overridden by subsequent options, as in the option line users,exec,dev,suid). context=context, fscontext=context and defcontext=context The context= option is useful when mounting filesystems that do not support extended attributes, such as a floppy or hard disk formatted with VFAT, or systems that are not normally running under SELinux, such as an ext3 formatted disk from a non-SELinux workstation. You can also use context= on filesystems you do not trust, such as a floppy. It also helps in compatibility with xattr-supporting filesystems on earlier 2.4. kernel versions. Even where xattrs are supported, you can save time not having to label every file by assigning the entire disk one security context. A commonly used option for removable media is context=system_u:object_r:removable_t. Two other options are fscontext= and defcontext=, both of which are mutually exclusive of the context option. This means you can use fscontext and defcontext with each other, but neither can be used with context. The fscontext= option works for all filesystems, regardless of their xattr support. The fscontext option sets the overarching filesystem label to a specific security context. This filesystem label is separate from the individual labels on the files. It represents the entire filesystem for certain kinds of permission checks, such as during mount or file creation. Individual file labels are still obtained from the xattrs on the files themselves. The context option actually sets the aggregate context that fscontext provides, in addition to supplying the same label for individual files. You can set the default security context for unlabeled files using defcontext= option. This overrides the value set for unlabeled files in the policy and requires a file system that supports xattr labeling. For more details see selinux(8)
—bind	Remount a subtree somewhere else (so that its contents are available in both places). See above.
—move	Move a subtree to some other place. See above. FILESYSTEM SPECIFIC MOUNT OPTIONS What options are supported depends a bit on the running kernel. More info may be found in the kernel source subdirectory Documentation/filesystems. Источник Читайте также:  Установка windows через bios setup utility Оцените статью Вам также может понравиться Windows или Linux: Что лучше выбрать? Есть много причин выбирать между Windows и Linux, но Файл владелец изменить linux Команда Chown в Linux Chown Command in Linux (File Установка шлюза по умолчанию linux Настройка сети вручную Содержание Краткое описание Чем разбить диск для linux ИТ База знаний Курс по Asterisk Полезно — Узнать IP — Правообладателям Политика конфиденциальности Контакты