Linux mount media drive

How to Mount a Drive in Linux

Mount is a command used in Linux to attached filesystems and drives and umount command is used to detach (unmount) any attached file systems or devices.

In this tutorial, we will learn how to mount (attach) a drive in Linux with the EXT Linux file system, FAT or NTFS using mount command. We can use the same command to mount the USB drive and ISO image as well.

On both Linux and UNIX like operating systems we can use mount/umount command to attach/detach devices.

List Mounted File Systems and Linux Drives

To display all currently attached file systems we will type:

By default, the output will include all of the file systems including the virtual ones such as cgroup, sysfs, and others. Each line contains information about the device name, the directory to which the device is mounted, the filesystem type and the mount options.

To list only certain types of file systems we will use -t option:

Listing only ext4 Linux file system will usually display our Linux drives.

You can use fdisk to have an idea of what kind of Linux partitions and devices you have, for example:

On my Fedora Linux computer, we can see a different drive configuration:

Now when I insert USB flash drive, we get another bit of information with fdisk -l :

This is important when we need to find which partition we wish to mount (attach) or detach. In this case, we see the USB drive is /dev/sdb1.

Reading mount options from a drive

We can use mount -t command to list the drive mount options. USB drive I inserted before was auto-mounted, and we saw that the filesystem is VFAT.

We see that the USB drive (partition) is mounted as /dev/sdb1 on /run/media/slax/tribal.

You can read about specific options in mount man page.

Mounting a Linux FileSystem

To mount a drive we need to assign it a root directory (mounting point) with mount command in the following format:

Usually, the mount command will auto-detect the filesystem type, but some filesystems are not recognized and need to be specified as a parameter.

Use the -t option to specify the file system type:

To specify additional mount options, you can use the -o option:

You can use multiple options by separating them with a comma (do not insert a space after a comma).

Mounting Linux USB Drive

So first we need to create a mount point (directory):

Next, we mount the drive to /media/myusb:

With dh -H we can see on the last line that our USB device is mounted successfully.

Mounting a FileSystem using /etc/fstab file

Mounting points and their options configured in /etc/fstab will automount upon system start.

The /etc/fstab file contains a list of entries in the following form:

Here is the sample /etc/fstab file from my computer:

So you can add an entry, and configure mounting point in /etc/fstab to have it always mounted on system boot.

Mounting NFS Share

NFS stands for Network File System. To mount an NFS share you’ll need to have the NFS client package installed on your Linux system.

To install NFS client on Ubuntu and Debian, type:

To install NFS client on CentOS and Fedora:

As we have seen in my sample /etc/fstab file entries before, I already have an NFS share configured on my computer:

You can add an entry to /etc/fstab on your computer using Nano or Vim, and enter the URL path to your remote NFS shared directory and a local mounting point (directory) which will be used to access the remote files.

Mounting ISO Files

You can mount an ISO file using the loop device which is a special pseudo-device that makes a file accessible as a block device.

Start by creating the mount point, directory to be used with ISO file:

Mount the ISO file to the mount point by typing the following command:

In the sample command above, path_to_image.iso is the path to your ISO file, of course.

Unmounting a File System

To detach a mounted filesystem, use the umount command followed by either the directory where it has been mounted (mount point) or the device name. If we use the USB drive from before as a sample, the commands would look like this:

If the file system is in use the umount command will fail to detach the file system.

Lazy unmount

Use the -l (—lazy) option to unmount a busy file system as soon as it is not busy anymore.

Force unmount

Use the -f (—force) option to force an unmount. This option is usually used to unmount an unreachable NFS system. In the case of my NFS Share, the command would be:

It is not a good idea to force unmount as it may corrupt the data on the file system.

Conclusion

By the end of this tutorial, you should have a good understanding of how to use the mount and umount command to attach and detach various file systems. We have also seen how to achieve that in various ways and with several media options like ISO file, NFS share and USB flash drive.

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Ubuntu Documentation

Introduction

This page explains how to use USB drives, like external hard disks and USB flash drives (aka USB sticks, thumb drives, pen drives, etc). The material here also applies to flash cards (like in your digital camera).

USB storage devices have the enormous advantage that for the most part they use a standard set of protocols. Thus, instead of needing individual drivers, as does much computer hardware, a standard driver permits access to the devices, making them very portable and able to easily work on many platforms.

For help with internal hard drives, see Fstab and MountingWindowsPartitions.

Automounting

Mounting

By default, storage devices that are plugged into the system mount automatically in the /media/ directory, open a file browser window for each volume and place an icon on your desktop. The rationale for this slight change of behavior can be found here. If you plug in a usb hard disk with many partitions, all of the partitions will automatically mount. This behaviour may not be what you want; you can configure it as shown below.

If the volumes have labels the icons will be named accordingly. Otherwise, they will be named «disk», «disk-1» and so on.

To change the volume label see RenameUSBDrive.

Configuring Automounting

To enable or disable automount open a terminal and type:

Browse to org.gnome.desktop.media-handling.

The automount key controls whether to automatically mount media. If set to true, Nautilus will automatically mount media such as user-visible hard disks and removable media on start-up and media insertion.

Another key, org.gnome.desktop.media-handling.automount-open, controls whether to automatically open a folder for automounted media.

If set to true, Nautilus will automatically open a folder when media is automounted. This only applies to media where no known x-content type was detected; for media where a known x-content type is detected, the user configurable action will be taken instead. This can be configured as shown below.

Configuring Program Autostart

To control which programs automatically start when you plug in a device, go to System-Settings — Details — Removable Media.

For more complex scenarios, see UsbDriveDoSomethingHowto.

Unmounting/Ejecting

Before you disconnect the device, don’t forget to unmount it. This can be done in one of the following ways:

• Right-click the desktop icon and select «Unmount» (or in some cases, «Eject»).
• In the file manager window, click on the «eject» button next to the name of the mounted volume.
• Right-click the icon in the launcher and select «Unmount».

Auto-mounting (Ubuntu Server)

By default, disk drives do not auto-mount in Ubuntu Server Edition. If you are looking for a lightweight solution that does not depend on HAL/DBUS, you can install «usbmount».

Manually Mounting

Using Disks

Disks (the GNOME disk utility) is an application for visually managing disk drives and media. When you run it, you will see a list of your drives, including USB drives. If you click a drive on the list, you can view its details, and you can click the triangle-shaped button (Play button) to mount the drive. (This method works even when the drive does not auto-mount.)

Using mount

Get the Information

Sometimes, devices don’t automount, in which case you should try to manually mount them. First, you must know what device you are dealing with and what filesystem it is formatted with. Most flash drives are FAT16 or FAT32 and most external hard disks are NTFS. Type the following:

Find your device in the list. It is probably something like /dev/sdb1. For more information about filesystems, see LinuxFilesystemsExplained.

Create the Mount Point

Now we need to create a mount point for the device. Let’s say we want to call it «external». You can call it whatever you want, but if you use spaces in the name it gets a little more complicated. Instead, use an underscore to separate words (like «my_external»). Create the mount point:

Mount the Drive

We can now mount the drive. Let’s say the device is /dev/sdb1, the filesystem is FAT16 or FAT32 (like it is for most USB flash drives), and we want to mount it at /media/external (having already created the mount point):

The options following the «-o» give you ownership of the drive, and the masks allow for extra security for file system permissions. If you don’t use those extra options you may not be able to read and write the drive with your regular username.

Otherwise, if the device is formatted with NTFS, run:

Note: You must have the ntfs-3g driver installed. See MountingWindowsPartitions for more information.

Unmounting the Drive

When you are finished with the device, don’t forget to unmount the drive before disconnecting it. Assuming /dev/sdb1 is mounted at /media/external, you can either unmount using the device or the mount point:

You cannot unmount from the desktop by right-clicking the icon if the drive was manually mounted.

Using pmount

There is a program called pmount available in the repositories which allows unprivileged users to mount drives as if they were using sudo, even without an entry in /etc/fstab. This is perfect for computers that have users without RootSudo access, like public terminals or thin clients.

pmount can be used with the same syntax as mount (but without sudo), or quite simply as follows:

Example:

• This will mount the device /dev/sdb1 at /media/flash_drive.

If you leave off the label option, it will mount by default at /media/device.

To unmount the device, use pumount, like so:

For more help, see the man pages for pmount and pumount.

The Importance of Unmounting

Before disconnecting devices, you must unmount them first. This is similar to «Safely Remove» in Windows in that the device won’t unmount until data is finished being written to the device, or until other programs are finished using it. This applies to all types of storage devices, including flash drives, flash cards, external hard drives, ipods and other media players, and even remote storage like Samba or NFS shares.

Failure to unmount before disconnecting the device can result in loss of data and/or a corrupted file system. There are no exceptions to this rule. Be safe — unmount your drives before disconnecting them!

Other Useful Commands

To see a list of your USB devices (the vendor and device ID’s), run:

To see all attached storage devices and their partitions, run:

To see information about currently mounted systems, simply run:

Troubleshooting

Presented here are some common problems users encounter.

Interfering services

Two services/programs responsible for automounting might interfere and thereby prevent a successful automount and permission setting.

Example: Activating the Automount function of Nautilus while using pmount will result in read-only permissions for normal users. Either disable Nautilus’ Automount function or deinstall pmount.

Unclean LogFile

If you are mounting drives formatted with NTFS (like most external USB hard disks are), you must first have the ntfs-3g driver installed. This is done automatically in newer versions of Ubuntu. You should also install ntfs-config and enable mounting, which is not done automatically. For ntfs-3g and ntfs-config, see MountingWindowsPartitions.

When a drive is not Safely Removed from a Windows machine (or a forced shutdown occurs from Windows), you may get an error like this when you plug in your drive:

The best option is Choice 1, but you can force the mount by running Choice 2 with sudo. You must then manually unmount it from the terminal (you can’t right click the desktop icon):

After that the drive should automount normally again.

User Privileges

If your usb device doesn’t appear on your desktop, you should check that your user has the correct privileges. Go to System->Administration->User and Groups, choose the user, click on «Properties», then go to the «User Privileges» tab. You should have the «Access external storage devices automatically» option checked.

Preferences

If your usb device doesn’t appear on your desktop, you should check that the automount action is enabled in the preferences:

Navigate to System->Preferences->Removable Drives and Media

Verify that all «Mount removable drives when. » are checked.

NOTE: This does not seem to apply to Hardy Heron.

USB 2 Issues

old kernels workaround

If you encounter problems using your USB device with USB 2 (i.e. ‘high speed’ mode), you can revert to the ‘full speed’ mode (slower) by unloading ehci_hcd. To do that, type in a terminal:

before plugging in your device.

recent kernels workaround, from Karmic

ehci_hcd is now built into the kernel and cannot be load/unloaded using modprobe. To revert a connected device from (failing) high-speed to full-speed:

• Determine your device id using
• Find which bus it is connected to. The bus id can be found as a folder in /sys/bus/pci/drivers/ehci_hcd. The following script explores buses and connected devices: The information is also usually available in /var/log/kern.log
• Unbind the bus (and all devices) from the ehci_hcd driver. Insert the bus id in the following command, using the format 0000:00:xx.x

Buffer I/O Errors

If you see errors related to Buffer I/O when attaching a USB storage device, there are two ways to work around it. First, try using varying max_sectors settings, as such:

Try values of 120, 64 and 32.

If this does not resolve the issue, then you may need an unusual_dev entry for your device. It would look something like this:

The vendor and device IDs can be obtained from the output of «lsusb». The entry would be placed in drivers/usb/storage/unusual_devs.h. If you cannot compile your own kernel, please file a bug report, and we’ll attempt to compile a test module for you.

Device suddenly becomes read-only

If your device changes suddenly to read-only mode, and you see this kind of error:

This might be the sign of an unclean device. You should check your device. Try TestingStorageMedia to do so. Or use «Disk Utility» (under System, Administration), find your device, unmount it, check the file system, then mount it again.

USB-Device is or becomes read-only without errors

If you see «Write Protect is off» and no errors in your logfiles, than you should set filesystem type specific mount options (FS_MOUNTOPTIONS) in /etc/usbmount/usbmount.conf. Wrong gid causes mounting read only.

General tip

When you encounter problems with USB devices, the first thing to do is to check the latest debug information generated from the kernel just after you plug in your device and/or just after you encounter the problem.
To do that, open a terminal and type :

Check the latest messages; they should be related to your problem.

Seeking Further Help

The best place to get help with almost any Ubuntu problem is on the Ubuntu Forums. The Absolute Beginner Talk section is best for beginners.

Other Resources

Some other related material:

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