Linux mount usb flash drive

How to mount usb drive in a linux system

Do you know “how to use USB memory sticks with Linux”, If you are not sure then this article describes “how to mount USB drive on a Linux system with command line interface”

Universal serial bus, or USB (also known as Flash drive), is an electronic communications protocol that is commonly used in computer accessories and other small devices. If you have an up-to-date Linux system and a modern Desktop environment, your device should show up on your desktop, with no need to open a console. There are few important factors which are involved in learning how to mount USB drive with Linux machine.

Following are the step by step instructions to understand further –

Step 1: Plug-in USB drive to your PC

Step 2 – Detecting USB Drive

After you plug in your USB device to your Linux system USB port, It will add new block device into /dev/ directory. To verify it, use the following command –

The sample output should be like this –

We can observe from the above result that, device boot, blocks, id and system format are displayed.

Step 3 – Creating Mount Point

To mount the USB, use the following command –

To create a directory in the mounted device, use the following commands –

The above command creates a directory called john in USB device.

Step 4 – Delete a Directory in USB

To delete a directory in USB, use the following command –

Step 5 – Formatting the USB

You should unmount the device first to format the USB device, then use the following command to unmount the device –

Now use either of the commands as per file system based on your requirement. To format a USB drive, users generally prefer VFAT or NTFS file systems because they can be easily mounted on Windows operating systems and Linux systems.

Format vs Fat FileSystem

To format USB with vFat File System, use the following command –

Format NTFS FileSystem

To format a USB Flash Drive with NTFS file system, use the following command –

Format EXT4 FileSystem

To format a USB with EXT4 file system, use the following command –

Congratulations! Now, you know “How to Mount USB Drive in a Linux System?”. We’ll learn more about these types of commands in our next Linux post. Keep reading!

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Ubuntu Documentation

Introduction

This page explains how to use USB drives, like external hard disks and USB flash drives (aka USB sticks, thumb drives, pen drives, etc). The material here also applies to flash cards (like in your digital camera).

USB storage devices have the enormous advantage that for the most part they use a standard set of protocols. Thus, instead of needing individual drivers, as does much computer hardware, a standard driver permits access to the devices, making them very portable and able to easily work on many platforms.

For help with internal hard drives, see Fstab and MountingWindowsPartitions.

Automounting

Mounting

By default, storage devices that are plugged into the system mount automatically in the /media/ directory, open a file browser window for each volume and place an icon on your desktop. The rationale for this slight change of behavior can be found here. If you plug in a usb hard disk with many partitions, all of the partitions will automatically mount. This behaviour may not be what you want; you can configure it as shown below.

If the volumes have labels the icons will be named accordingly. Otherwise, they will be named «disk», «disk-1» and so on.

To change the volume label see RenameUSBDrive.

Configuring Automounting

To enable or disable automount open a terminal and type:

Browse to org.gnome.desktop.media-handling.

The automount key controls whether to automatically mount media. If set to true, Nautilus will automatically mount media such as user-visible hard disks and removable media on start-up and media insertion.

Another key, org.gnome.desktop.media-handling.automount-open, controls whether to automatically open a folder for automounted media.

If set to true, Nautilus will automatically open a folder when media is automounted. This only applies to media where no known x-content type was detected; for media where a known x-content type is detected, the user configurable action will be taken instead. This can be configured as shown below.

Configuring Program Autostart

To control which programs automatically start when you plug in a device, go to System-Settings — Details — Removable Media.

For more complex scenarios, see UsbDriveDoSomethingHowto.

Unmounting/Ejecting

Before you disconnect the device, don’t forget to unmount it. This can be done in one of the following ways:

• Right-click the desktop icon and select «Unmount» (or in some cases, «Eject»).
• In the file manager window, click on the «eject» button next to the name of the mounted volume.
• Right-click the icon in the launcher and select «Unmount».

Auto-mounting (Ubuntu Server)

By default, disk drives do not auto-mount in Ubuntu Server Edition. If you are looking for a lightweight solution that does not depend on HAL/DBUS, you can install «usbmount».

Manually Mounting

Using Disks

Disks (the GNOME disk utility) is an application for visually managing disk drives and media. When you run it, you will see a list of your drives, including USB drives. If you click a drive on the list, you can view its details, and you can click the triangle-shaped button (Play button) to mount the drive. (This method works even when the drive does not auto-mount.)

Using mount

Get the Information

Sometimes, devices don’t automount, in which case you should try to manually mount them. First, you must know what device you are dealing with and what filesystem it is formatted with. Most flash drives are FAT16 or FAT32 and most external hard disks are NTFS. Type the following:

Find your device in the list. It is probably something like /dev/sdb1. For more information about filesystems, see LinuxFilesystemsExplained.

Create the Mount Point

Now we need to create a mount point for the device. Let’s say we want to call it «external». You can call it whatever you want, but if you use spaces in the name it gets a little more complicated. Instead, use an underscore to separate words (like «my_external»). Create the mount point:

Mount the Drive

We can now mount the drive. Let’s say the device is /dev/sdb1, the filesystem is FAT16 or FAT32 (like it is for most USB flash drives), and we want to mount it at /media/external (having already created the mount point):

The options following the «-o» give you ownership of the drive, and the masks allow for extra security for file system permissions. If you don’t use those extra options you may not be able to read and write the drive with your regular username.

Otherwise, if the device is formatted with NTFS, run:

Note: You must have the ntfs-3g driver installed. See MountingWindowsPartitions for more information.

Unmounting the Drive

When you are finished with the device, don’t forget to unmount the drive before disconnecting it. Assuming /dev/sdb1 is mounted at /media/external, you can either unmount using the device or the mount point:

You cannot unmount from the desktop by right-clicking the icon if the drive was manually mounted.

Using pmount

There is a program called pmount available in the repositories which allows unprivileged users to mount drives as if they were using sudo, even without an entry in /etc/fstab. This is perfect for computers that have users without RootSudo access, like public terminals or thin clients.

pmount can be used with the same syntax as mount (but without sudo), or quite simply as follows:

Example:

• This will mount the device /dev/sdb1 at /media/flash_drive.

If you leave off the label option, it will mount by default at /media/device.

To unmount the device, use pumount, like so:

For more help, see the man pages for pmount and pumount.

The Importance of Unmounting

Before disconnecting devices, you must unmount them first. This is similar to «Safely Remove» in Windows in that the device won’t unmount until data is finished being written to the device, or until other programs are finished using it. This applies to all types of storage devices, including flash drives, flash cards, external hard drives, ipods and other media players, and even remote storage like Samba or NFS shares.

Failure to unmount before disconnecting the device can result in loss of data and/or a corrupted file system. There are no exceptions to this rule. Be safe — unmount your drives before disconnecting them!

Other Useful Commands

To see a list of your USB devices (the vendor and device ID’s), run:

To see all attached storage devices and their partitions, run:

To see information about currently mounted systems, simply run:

Troubleshooting

Presented here are some common problems users encounter.

Interfering services

Two services/programs responsible for automounting might interfere and thereby prevent a successful automount and permission setting.

Example: Activating the Automount function of Nautilus while using pmount will result in read-only permissions for normal users. Either disable Nautilus’ Automount function or deinstall pmount.

Unclean LogFile

If you are mounting drives formatted with NTFS (like most external USB hard disks are), you must first have the ntfs-3g driver installed. This is done automatically in newer versions of Ubuntu. You should also install ntfs-config and enable mounting, which is not done automatically. For ntfs-3g and ntfs-config, see MountingWindowsPartitions.

When a drive is not Safely Removed from a Windows machine (or a forced shutdown occurs from Windows), you may get an error like this when you plug in your drive:

The best option is Choice 1, but you can force the mount by running Choice 2 with sudo. You must then manually unmount it from the terminal (you can’t right click the desktop icon):

After that the drive should automount normally again.

User Privileges

If your usb device doesn’t appear on your desktop, you should check that your user has the correct privileges. Go to System->Administration->User and Groups, choose the user, click on «Properties», then go to the «User Privileges» tab. You should have the «Access external storage devices automatically» option checked.

Preferences

If your usb device doesn’t appear on your desktop, you should check that the automount action is enabled in the preferences:

Navigate to System->Preferences->Removable Drives and Media

Verify that all «Mount removable drives when. » are checked.

NOTE: This does not seem to apply to Hardy Heron.

USB 2 Issues

old kernels workaround

If you encounter problems using your USB device with USB 2 (i.e. ‘high speed’ mode), you can revert to the ‘full speed’ mode (slower) by unloading ehci_hcd. To do that, type in a terminal:

before plugging in your device.

recent kernels workaround, from Karmic

ehci_hcd is now built into the kernel and cannot be load/unloaded using modprobe. To revert a connected device from (failing) high-speed to full-speed:

• Determine your device id using
• Find which bus it is connected to. The bus id can be found as a folder in /sys/bus/pci/drivers/ehci_hcd. The following script explores buses and connected devices: The information is also usually available in /var/log/kern.log
• Unbind the bus (and all devices) from the ehci_hcd driver. Insert the bus id in the following command, using the format 0000:00:xx.x

Buffer I/O Errors

If you see errors related to Buffer I/O when attaching a USB storage device, there are two ways to work around it. First, try using varying max_sectors settings, as such:

Try values of 120, 64 and 32.

If this does not resolve the issue, then you may need an unusual_dev entry for your device. It would look something like this:

The vendor and device IDs can be obtained from the output of «lsusb». The entry would be placed in drivers/usb/storage/unusual_devs.h. If you cannot compile your own kernel, please file a bug report, and we’ll attempt to compile a test module for you.

Device suddenly becomes read-only

If your device changes suddenly to read-only mode, and you see this kind of error:

This might be the sign of an unclean device. You should check your device. Try TestingStorageMedia to do so. Or use «Disk Utility» (under System, Administration), find your device, unmount it, check the file system, then mount it again.

USB-Device is or becomes read-only without errors

If you see «Write Protect is off» and no errors in your logfiles, than you should set filesystem type specific mount options (FS_MOUNTOPTIONS) in /etc/usbmount/usbmount.conf. Wrong gid causes mounting read only.

General tip

When you encounter problems with USB devices, the first thing to do is to check the latest debug information generated from the kernel just after you plug in your device and/or just after you encounter the problem.
To do that, open a terminal and type :

Check the latest messages; they should be related to your problem.

Seeking Further Help

The best place to get help with almost any Ubuntu problem is on the Ubuntu Forums. The Absolute Beginner Talk section is best for beginners.

Other Resources

Some other related material:

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How to Mount USB/External Disks/CD Drive in Linux

In Linux mounting of devices (external disks,usb,cd drive) is done with a command known as mount . While mounting any device you should pass the argument to the command that what is the name of the partition and where do you want to mount the same. The mount point should be any directory present on your system.

Syntax

For Instance, if you want to mount a Floppy drive then,

So, here the /dev/fd0 is the alias for floppy drive in Linux system and /mnt/floppy is the mount point. It is the folder where we are mounting the floppy drive. So, if you want to view the files under floppy disk then you should directly access /mnt/floppy folder.

Note: In some Linux distribution, alias for the floppy drive may be different so, you should check the same before executing the command.

Mount and change permissions on external drives

By default, it’s only the user of the pen drive that has read and write permissions as shown below. The group and other users are restricted from having both read and write permissions as shown below. The pen drive, in this case, is labeled KIARIE found in /run/media/tarantula/ file path.

Output

This can also be seen in the file manager properties of the flash drive below

To grant other people access to the drive including all files and folders in the drive, run the following commands:

First, create a mount point in the /media/ directory. Let’s call it /data

Run fdisk -l to find out the partition information of the flash drive. If it’s the only removable drive, you’ll find that it’s indicated as /dev/sdb1 Implying that it’s the first partition of the second hard drive with a filesystem of FAT32.

The second step is to mount it to /mnt/data with read and write options.

This procedure will only work for an external drive formatted in ext4 format. If you are using a drive in Vfat or FAT 32 filesystem, you’ll need to convert it to ext4 using Gparted utility tool. Ensure to back up any data before conversion as this leads to formatting of the drive from one filesystem to another.

Another way you can mount and change permissions on external drives is by using pysdm package. However, this package has been obsoleted and is no longer in use for Ubuntu versions 12.10 and later.

When changing files permissions on the last step, you can also use the octal system i.e chmod +R 766 /mnt/data to give the group and other users read and write permissions. Thank you.

Mounting CD Drive

Here, the alias for the CD ROM is /dev/cdrom and the mount point is /mnt/CD.

Mounting a USB Device

Once we plug the USB device in the port, Linux will detect it as a new device and create its alias in /dev directory. To check that alias you can execute the following command.

Once you identify your USB device from the above output then you can mount the same with the following command:

Here, the mount point that should be creating in the system is /mnt/test.

Mounting an ISO Image

ISO Image is actually an image of any optical disk having extension .iso.

Here, -o loop option is used to support a file system that is in ISO format. It helps us to access such file system.

Mounting Hard Disk partitions

Once you have created a partition of your Hard Disk in Linux box then you should also mount those partitions to access them. Here, you can use the same command to find out the total partitions of the hard disk.

Once you identify the partition which you want to mount then use the following command to mount the same.

Here, the mount point that should be created in the system is /mnt/part1.

How to Unmount Devices in Linux

Un-mount means detaching any device from the Linux system and it is generally done with umount command. So, while un-mounting any device you should tell Linux what device to un-mount. For example,

To un-mount a floppy drive

To un-mount a CD ROM drive

To un-mount a USB drive

Assuming /dev/sda1 is the usb mount partition

This will detach the device from your Linux box. You can then remove that device from the system.

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