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In this case it means all running processes. See the output of the complete function: [email protected]:

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Unix/Linux Command Reference.com File Commands ls – directory listing ls -al – formatted listing with hidden files cd dir — change directory to dir cd – change to home pwd – show current directory mkdir dir – create a directory dir rm file – delete file rm -r dir – delete directory dir rm -f file – force remove file

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Unix/Linux Command Reference File Commands 1. ls Directory listing 2. ls -al Formatted listing with hidden files 3. ls -lt Sorting the Formatted listing by time modification 4. cd dir Change directory to dir 5. cd Change to home directory 6. pwd Show current working directory 7. mkdir dir Creating a directory dir

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LINUX COMMANDS CHEAT SHEET System dmesg => Displays bootup messages cat /proc/cpuinfo => Displays more information about CPU e.g model, model name, cores, vendor id cat /proc/meminfo => Displays more information about hardware memory e.g. Total and Free memory lshw =>Displays information about system’s hardware configuration

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Oct 07, 2019 · agetty Command. agetty is a program which manages physical or virtual terminals and is invoked by init. Once it detects a connection, it opens a tty port, asks for a user’s login name and calls up the /bin/login command. Agetty is a substitute of Linux getty: $ agetty -L 9600 ttyS1 vt100.

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Commands fromdos, todos (Slackware) dos2unix, unix2dos (Redhat) convert text file from/to linux format. pwck, grpck verify integrity of password and group files. pwconv, pwunconv, grpconv, grpuncov convert to and from shadow passwords and groups. toggle shadow passwords on and off. quota, edquota, quotaon, quotaoff, repquota, Manage disk quota.

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How does the Linux OS work? Hardware Kernel Shell, editors, etc. ts er Other utilities • Linux has a kernel and one or more shells • The shell is the command line interface through which the user interacts with the OS. Most commonly used shell is bash • The kernel sits …

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Sep 09, 2021 · 3.2. USING THE DATE COMMAND 3.2.1. Displaying the Current Date and Time 3.2.2. Changing the Current Time 3.2.3. Changing the Current Date 3.3. USING THE HWCLOCK COMMAND 3.3.1. Displaying the Current Date and Time 3.3.2. Setting the Date and Time 3.3.3. Synchronizing the Date and Time 3.4. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES Installed Documentation See Also

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Soft Links in Linux – The Complete Reference

Linux Tutorials

A link in Linux systems are pointers to a file or a directory. There are two types of links in Linux, namely soft and hard links.

In this article, we will examine soft links in detail. Similar to shortcuts in Windows, soft links, also known as symbolic links, point to a file without storing the file’s contents. Any changes made to either the file or the soft link, are reflected in both the versions of the file.

Representation of Soft Links in Linux

After understanding the concept of soft links, we need to know how to spot a soft link in a file-system.

Color scheme

The ‘ls’ command provides a color scheme for every different component in the Linux file-system. Soft links are denoted by ‘cyan’ color.

In the above output, ‘desktop’ and ‘program’ are soft links. It may happen that some systems have modified their default color schemes and therefore are unable to figure out the soft links.

Using the ls -l command, we can clearly find out links present in a directory.

Not only does it specifies links in the directory, but also displays the original file location or directory for a soft link.

GUI representation

Similar to shortcuts in Windows, Linux provides a hint in the icons of soft links. The GUI icons for soft links contains arrow signs at the bottom-right corner.

It is quite evident from the figure that soft link named ‘desktop’ is a pointer to a directory whereas ‘program’ points to a ‘.cpp’ file.

How to create a soft link in Linux?

Now that we have seen the methods of spotting a soft link, we will learn how to create soft links in Linux. This is done with the help of ‘ln’ command.

The ‘ln’ command is specifically used to create a link in Linux. The ‘-s’ option used in the above command represents the creation of a soft link.

Using the ‘ls -l’ command, we can check whether the creation of a soft link was successful or not.

Editing the original file

Since a soft link is just a symbol for the original file, any changes made in the original file will be reflected in the soft link as well. Let us demonstrate the changes:

Original File – “my_program.cpp” in the Documents folder
Soft Link – “program” on the Desktop

We will use the sed command to edit the original file.

The above command simply finds all the occurrences of the word “main” and replaces each one of them with the word “disdain”.

The ‘program’ file present on the Desktop is a soft link, therefore has to reflect the changes made in the original file.

Editing the Content through a Soft Link

Editing the contents of a soft link reflect changes in the original file as well. This can be demonstrated by the following screenshot:

As previously mentioned, ‘program’ is a soft link. Using ‘echo’ command, we append the word “Edited” to the soft link. We can clearly see the changes that happen in the original file ‘my_program.cpp’ as well.

Note: While editing the soft link we did not use ‘sed -i’ command, as in the process, the soft link is removed and a new file is created with the same name.

We will see later that removing the original file and placing it back, preserves the link.

Identify Broken Soft Links in Linux

The soft links break when we delete the original file. When using the ‘ls’ command, broken links are displayed in red color with a black background.

In the above figure, we move the original file to the current directory. When we remove the original file from their original location, we can see the change in color on a soft link.

Fix broken links

Every soft link points to an originating file. We can easily fix a broken link by replacing the original file with another file of the same name. I’ve demonstrated the same below.

Removing a soft link in Linux

The easiest way to remove a soft link is using the ‘rm’ command followed by the link name.

There is one another way to remove links in Linux. It is done by ‘unlink’ command.

Soft link of a soft link

Using the ‘ln’ command, let us create a soft link to our previously created soft link.

It is quite clear that these links form a chain. A change in any one of the links will be reflected in every one of the files.

Since, the continuous links form a chain, removing any of the in-between links, will break the child links. For instance, if we remove the first soft link ‘program’ , the child link will break.

When we break the link in the middle, the complete chain breaks.

Conclusion

Soft links are a common Linux feature that links libraries and files in Linux file-systems. This article covers up the creation, properties, and removal of soft links in Linux.

We hope the article was easy for you to understand. Feel free to comment below for queries or suggestions.

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