Linux view all directories

ls command in Linux/Unix

ls is a Linux shell command that lists directory contents of files and directories.

ls syntax

ls command options

ls command main options:

option	description
ls -a	list all files including hidden file starting with ‘.’
ls —color	colored list [=always/never/auto]
ls -d	list directories — with ‘ */’
ls -F	add one char of */=>@| to enteries
ls -i	list file’s inode index number
ls -l	list with long format — show permissions
ls -la	list long format including hidden files
ls -lh	list long format with readable file size
ls -ls	list with long format with file size
ls -r	list in reverse order
ls -R	list recursively directory tree
ls -s	list file size
ls -S	sort by file size
ls -t	sort by time & date
ls -X	sort by extension name

ls command examples

You can press the tab button to auto complete the file or folder names.

List directory Documents/Books with relative path:

List directory /home/user/Documents/Books with absolute path.

List root directory:

List parent directory:

List user’s home directory (e.g: /home/user):

List with long format:

Show hidden files:

List with long format and show hidden files:

Sort by date/time:

Sort by file size:

List all subdirectories:

Recursive directory tree list:

List only text files with wildcard:

ls redirection to output file:

List directories only:

List files and directories with full path:

ls code generator

Select ls options and press the Generate Code button:

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How to List Only Directories in Linux

By default, it lists all the contents, be it a file or a directory or a link or a named pipe.

But what if you want to list only the directories? How do you that?

Like anything in Linux, there are several ways to accomplish the same task. Listing only the directories is no different:

• ls -d */
• ls -l | grep ‘^d’
• find . -maxdepth 1 -type d
• echo */
• tree -d -L 1

Don’t worry. I’ll explain things in detail. Here’s the content of the directory I am going to use in the examples here:

Use ls command to list directories only

It is always good to do it with the familiar ls command because this is the command you use for displaying the content of a directory.

To list only the subdirectories, use the -d option with ls command like this:

Here’s the output it shows:

Why */ ? Because without it, ls -d will only return the directory name. The -d option list directories not its contents (which includes file, directories etc).

The */ is a pattern. With * , you list all the content (including contents of the subdirectories) and the / restricts the pattern to directories.

This picture depicts the difference pretty well.

You may combine it with long listing option -l and most other options:

If you do not want the trailing slash (/) at the end of the directory names, you can use the cut command to cut it out:

List only subdirectories in a specific directory

The above command works in the current directory. What if you are not in the same directory?

In this situation, you can use */ at the end of the path of the directory with ls -d :

Here’s an example where I move out of the Documents directory and then list only the directories inside Documents directory:

Did you notice that it doesn’t list the hidden directory? That’s one shortcoming of this method. You may use ls -d .*/ to display hidden directories, but it only displays hidden directories.

Use combination of ls and grep command

If you long list the contents, you can identify the directories because start with d .

You can use grep to filter the contents that start with d:

But this gives you a lot more fields than just the directory names:

Use find command to list only directories

Here’s how to use the find command to list only the subdirectories:

I hope you are familiar with the find command. I’ll explain it nonetheless.

With type d , you ask the find command to only look for directories.

With maxdepth 1 you ask the find command to keep the search at the current level only (and not go inside the subdirectories).

As you can see in the output above, it also shows the hidden directory.

Use tree command to list only directories

If your aim is to list only the directories, you may also use the tree command.

By default, the tree command gives you the complete directory structure. You can modify it to show only directories and only at the current level.

• d — look for directories only
• a — look for hidden files and directories as well
• i — remove the tree structure from the display
• L 1 — don’t go into the subdirectories

Here’s the output:

Using echo command for listing directories

The unlikely candidate? You’ll be surprised to know that echo command in Linux can also be used for displaying the contents of a directory. Try using echo * and see for yourself.

Similar to the ls command, you can also use the */ pattern to list only the directories in the current working directory.

Here’s the output which is identical to what you got with the ls -d command:

There could be more ways for listing only the directories, not files. In fact, the methods discussed here may have some ifs and buts based on what you are looking for.

If your aim is to just display the directories, most of the commands I discussed would work. If you want something more specific like only getting the directories name with slash etc, you’ll have to do some formatting on your own.

I hope you find this Linux tip helpful. Questions and suggestions are always welcome.

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The Linux LS Command – How to List Files in a Directory + Option Flags

Since the creation of Unix in the 1970s, a lot of operating systems have used it as their foundation. Many of these operating systems failed, while others succeeded.

Linux is one of the most popular Unix based operating systems. It’s open source, and is used all over the world across many industries.

One amazing feature of the Linux operating system is the Command Line Interface (CLI) which allows users to interact with their computer from a shell. The Linux shell is a REPL (Read, Evaluate, Print, Loop) environment where users can enter a command and the shell runs it and returns a result.

The ls command is one of the many Linux commands that allow a user to list files or directories from the CLI.

In this article, we’ll go in depth on the ls command and some of the most important flags you’ll need day-to-day.

Prerequisites

• A computer with directories and files
• Have one of the Linux distros installed
• Basic knowledge of navigating around the CLI
• A smile on your face 🙂

The Linux ls Command

The ls command is used to list files or directories in Linux and other Unix-based operating systems.

Just like you navigate in your File explorer or Finder with a GUI, the ls command allows you to list all files or directories in the current directory by default, and further interact with them via the command line.

Launch your terminal and type ls to see this in action:

How to list Files in a Directory with Options

The ls command also accepts some flags (also known as options) which are additional information that changes how files or directories are listed in your terminal.

In other words, flags change how the ls command works:

PS: The word contents used in throughout the article refers to the files and directories being listed, not the actual contents of the files/directories ?

List files in the current working directory

Type the ls command to list the contents of the current working directory:

List files in another directory

Type the ls [directory path here] command to list the contents of another directory:

List files in the root directory

Type the ls / command to list the contents of the root directory:

List files in the parent directory

Type the ls .. command to list the contents of the parent directory one level above. Use ls ../.. for contents two levels above:

List files in the user’s home directory (/home/user)

command to list the contents in the users’s home directory:

List only directories

Type the ls -d */ command to list only directories:

List files with subdirectories

Type the ls * command to list the contents of the directory with it’s subdirectories:

List files recursively

Type the ls -R command to list all files and directories with their corresponding subdirectories down to the last file:

If you have a lot of files, this can take a very long time to complete as every single file in each directory will be printed out. You can instead specify a directory to run this command in, like so: ls Downloads -R

List files with their sizes

Type the ls -s command (the s is lowercase) to list files or directories with their sizes:

List files in long format

Type the ls -l command to list the contents of the directory in a table format with columns including:

• content permissions
• number of links to the content
• owner of the content
• group owner of the content
• size of the content in bytes
• last modified date / time of the content
• file or directory name

List files in long format with readable file sizes

Type the ls -lh command to list the files or directories in the same table format above, but with another column representing the size of each file/directory:

Note that sizes are listed in bytes (B), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB) when the file or directory’s size is larger than 1024 bytes.

List files including hidden files

Type the ls -a command to list files or directories including hidden files or directories. In Linux, anything that begins with a . is considered a hidden file:

List files in long format including hidden files

Type the ls -l -a or ls -a -l or ls -la or ls -al command to list files or directories in a table format with extra information including hidden files or directories:

List files and sort by date and time

Type the ls -t command to list files or directories and sort by last modified date and time in descending order (biggest to smallest).

You can also add a -r flag to reverse the sorting order like so: ls -tr :

List files and sort by file size

Type the ls -S (the S is uppercase) command to list files or directories and sort by date or time in descending order (biggest to smallest).

You can also add a -r flag to reverse the sorting order like so: ls -Sr :

List files and output the result to a file

Type the ls > output.txt command to print the output of the preceding command into an output.txt file. You can use any of the flags discussed before like -la — the key point here is that the result will be outputted into a file and not logged to the command line.

Then you can use the file as you see fit, or log the contents of the file with cat output.txt :

.

Conclusion

There are tons of other commands and combinations you can explore to list out files and directories based on your needs. One thing to remember is the ability to combine multiple commands together at once.

Imagine you want to list a file in long format, including hidden files, and sort by file size. The command would be ls -alS , which is a combination of ls -l , ls -a , and ls -S .

If you forget any command or are unsure about what to do, you can run ls —help or man ls which will display a manual with all possible options for the ls command:

Thanks for reading!

Software Engineer, Content Creator & Developer Advocate.

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