Mac os keyboard layout per window

How to Modify or Create Custom Keyboard Layouts on Mac

There are 78 keys on your Macbook keyboard; 109 if you’re using a keyboard with a numeric keypad. That’s a lot of keys, which means a lot of potential for customisation according to your needs and usage patterns. However, it’s not easily done, and it might seem too difficult to some people, even though it’s not. In this article, I will tell you how you can create custom keyboard layouts on Mac and easily modify them. We’ll do this using two apps called Ukelele, and Karabiner.

So, if you have ever secretly wished you could map some of the keys on your Mac to a different function (one that you, personally, might have more need of), then these apps are meant for you. So, read on.

Ukelele: Create a Custom Keyboard Layout

Ukelele is an application that lets users edit, or create custom keyboard layouts on their Macs. The app has a simple, easy to understand interface. You can create a layout from scratch, by manually filling up the functions performed by various keys on your Mac’s keyboard. It’s easy to identify keys, because you can simply press the keys on your Mac and the corresponding keys on the Ukelele interface light up.

When you first start up Ukelele, you will notice that some keys are already filled up with their corresponding actions. These keys are the default function keys that you can edit if you want to, but it’s recommended to keep their default values. Fear not, you can tinker with these keys as well, and if you mess something up, you can always revert them back to their standard values.

Customizing Preset Layouts with Ukelele

Customizing Preset Layouts with Ukelele is easier than creating one from scratch, as it involves a lot less work, and you can simply edit the keys that you need to change. The best part is that you can switch between the edited keys and the default values in just two clicks, if you need to. To customize an existing layout, follow the steps below:

1. Launch Ukelele. Go to File -> New From Current Input Source. This will open up a window where you can set the name for the layout bundle, as well as the name of the layout that will be displayed when you select it in Keyboard Preferences.

2. Next, double click on the name of the layout that you just created, to open it in Ukelele. The app will display the default values of the keys in the layout.

3. Suppose you want to change the “b” key to type in “beebom.com”. You can easily do this by double clicking on the “b” key in Ukelele, and entering the new output string as “beebom.com”, and clicking on “Done”.

4. Or, maybe your Tab key is busted, and you want to use the Escape key to perform Tabs. You can do this by double-clicking on the Tab key, to find out the Unicode value for “tab”.

Next, double click on the “Esc” key, and enter the value of the “Tab” key in place of the default value, and click “Done”.

5. Once you are done editing the keys that you want to change, simply save the layout by going to “File -> Save“, or pressing “Cmd+S“. The bundle that you created in Step 1, is saved in Documents by default. Go to Finder, and copy the bundle you created in Documents.

6. Next, press “Cmd+Shift+G“, and type “/Library/Keyboard Layouts/” to navigate to the Keyboard Layouts, and paste the bundle here.

Activating The New Layout

To activate the layout, you will need to add it to the layouts in your Keyboard Preferences. You can do this by following the steps outlined below:

1. Go to System Preferences->Keyboard->Input Sources. Click on the “+” icon on the bottom left, and select your custom layout from the list in the sidebar.

2. Click on the Input Sources icon on the menubar, and select your layout. Now, whenever you press the keys that you changed, it will perform the functions that you mapped to it, instead of the default functions.

Ukelele can let you customize the keys on your Mac with ease, and save them as layouts that you can switch to, on the fly. That’s not all, the app also supports QWERTY, AZERTY (French), QWERTZ (German), Dvorak and Colemak layouts for creating new layouts, and you can even export your custom layouts to an installable disk image, so you can take your custom layouts to any computer that you might need to use.

Install Ukelele: (Free)

Note : If you edit your custom layouts later, you will have to go to System Preferences->Keyboard->Input Sources and add them again in order for the changes to take effect.

Karabiner: Change the Functions of Modifier Keys with Ease

Karabiner is an app, that can let you change the functions performed by the modifier keys on your Mac’s keyboard, should you want to do it. But, that’s not all; the app also lets users to enable a lot of cool shortcuts and make modifications to the keyboard behaviour that might be very useful. Read on to learn about some of the coolest things that you can do in Karabiner:

Show Desktop by Pressing Cmd+D

Let’s face it, we have almost all of our recently created files saved on the desktop, and screenshots, especially, are saved to the desktop by default. This means that in order to drag and drop a file from the Desktop, you’ll have to make the four finger pinch-out gesture to show the desktop, then drag the file with one finger, and make the four finger pinch-in gesture to get back to the application you wanted to drop the file into; and that’s with a Force-touch enabled trackpad. On a normal trackpad, you’ll have to use two fingers to drag the file around, plus the four finger gestures. Karabiner can allow you to show the desktop by just pressing Cmd+D, and go back by pressing the same combination again.

To enable this shortcut, simply launch Karabiner; and search for “Desktop”. Then, click on “For Mission Control, Dashboard”. Check the checkbox next to “Show Desktop by command-D“, and you’re done. You can now press Cmd+D to show and hide the desktop.

Toggle Bluetooth and WiFi with shortcuts

Karabiner also lets users set their Bluetooth and/or WiFi to be toggled by pressing fn+b, and fn+w respectively. This feature is definitely useful, especially for people who use the keyboard a lot, because switching between the keyboard and mouse can be a lot of hassle. To enable one, or both of these shortcuts, simply follow the steps below:

1. On Karabiner, search for “Shortcuts”, and click on “Custom Shortcuts“. Scroll down a little, and you will see the options to toggle Bluetooth by pressing Fn+B, and WiFi by pressing Fn+W.

2. Check the checkboxes next to the shortcuts that you want to use, and you can start toggling Bluetooth and WiFi directly from your keyboard.

Hold D for Dashboard/Shift+D for Dashboard

While Apple might not be paying a lot of attention to Dashboard anymore, the fact remains that it is a very useful part of the macOS environment. However, using three, or four finger swipes to get to the dashboard can be tedious, especially if you have a lot of desktops open on your Mac. Karabiner can help here, as well. You can set up a shortcut (Long press D, or Shift+D) to take you directly to Dashboard.

To set this up, search for “Dashboard”, and under “For Mission Control, Dashboard“, check the checkbox next to “Holding “D” key to Dashboard“, or “Holding Shift+D key to Dashboard“.

Change the Behaviour of Command + Q

Command + Q is notorious for getting accidentally pressed when you’re actually only trying to use Command + W. Fortunately, Karabiner can change this default behaviour to make it more accident-proof. You can make it necessary to press Cmd + Q twice, in order to quit an application, or you can set it up to only quit applications on a long press. Both of these options can save you from a lot of trouble.

To set these up in Karabiner, search for “Custom Shortcuts”, and under “Custom Shortcuts”, check the checkbox next to the behaviour you want from Cmd + Q.

Karabiner can let you customise a lot more on your Mac, and help you get more out of your keyboard. The various custom settings offered by Karabiner are not all, the application also offers the option to create multiple profiles, that you can switch between by using keyboard shortcuts, so you are always ready to go, in every application that you use. Apart from that, Karabiner also lets you export profiles, quite like Ukelele, except that Karabiner profiles are exported as shell scripts, that you can import from the Terminal. For more help on using Karabiner, you can read the Karabiner manual.

Install Karabiner: (Free)

Custom Keyboard Mappings: Make Your Mac Keyboard Yours

Not everyone uses their keyboards in the exact same way as the others, and apps such as Karabiner and Ukelele can let users customise their keyboards to work exactly the way that they want them to. You can even use these apps to map a keyboard designed to be used with Windows PCs to work properly with Macs. When you consider the fact that Apple keyboards are a lot more expensive than other Windows keyboard options, it might be a better idea to go with a keyboard designed for a Windows PC, and use apps like Ukelele and Karabiner to customise it to function properly with a Mac.

Have you ever wanted to map certain keys on your keyboard to specific functions? If so, how did you do it? Did you use any of the applications mentioned in this article? We would like to know about your experience with changing keyboard mapping on a Mac, and any issues that you might have faced. Let us know about it in the comments section below.

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How to Identify MacBook Keyboard Layout?

by Sebastian Kończak , published on Jul 2015

This article was updated on December 11th, 2019.

Mac keyboards come with various layouts and localizations, which are specific to a given country or region. Here you’ll find an infographic to quickly determine which localization you have. Below the infographic, we have listed all Mac layouts with detailed illustrations. These are also the exact layouts we use on our MacBook keyboard stickers.

If you have a laptop other than MacBook, please click here.

Table of contents

The infographic

MacBook Keyboard Localizations Throughout the World

US English Layout

Used in the US, Canada, Australia, Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, India, Hong Kong, New Zealand, and many other countries. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

(US) English International Layout

It has identical characters layout as US English but uses ISO (European) key shapes. This is the most common layout in Poland. We also advise our customers to choose this layout, if they want to switch from any European language to English keyboard. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

UK (British) English Layout

Used in the United Kingdom and Ireland. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Arabic Layout

Used in Arabic-speaking countries: Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, Yemen, etc. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Armenian (Western) Layout

Used in Armenia. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Azeri/Azerbaijani Layout

Used in Azerbaijan. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Belgian Layout

Used in Belgium. It’s identical to the French layout on a Mac. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Bengali Layout

Used in Bangladesh and India. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Bosnian Layout

Used in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It’s identical to Croatian, Slovene, and Serbian Latin layouts. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Bulgarian Layout

Used in Bulgaria. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Burmese Layout

Used in Myanmar. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Cherokee Layout

Used by Cherokee people in the United States. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Chinese (Taiwanese) Layout

Used in Taiwan and Hong Kong. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Colemak Layout

Used by writers and programmers as a faster alternative to standard QWERTY. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Croatian Layout

Used in Croatia and Montenegro. It is identical to Bosnian, Slovene and Serbian Latin layouts. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Czech Layout

Used in the Czech Republic. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Danish Layout

Used in Denmark, Greenland and Faroese Islands. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Dvorak Layout

Used by writers and programmers as a faster alternative to standard QWERTY. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Dutch Layout

Dutch layout is a modified English International with euro sign added. It is used in the Netherlands. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Estonian Layout

Used in Estonia. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Finnish Layout

Used in Finland. It’s identical to the Swedish layout. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

French Layout

Used in France, Belgium, Morocco, Algeria, French Guyana, Chad, Cote d’Ivoire. It’s also used in parts of Luxembourg and Switzerland. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

French Canadian Layout

This is a QWERTY variant of French layout, used by French-speaking citizens of Canada, mainly in the Quebec region. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Georgian Layout

Used in Georgia (country). This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

German Layout

Used in Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, and can also be found in Switzerland. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Greek Layout

Used in Greece. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Greek Polytonic Layout

An alternative to standard Greek layout, with more language-specific symbols. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Gujarati Layout

Used mainly in the Indian state of Gujarat. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Hebrew Layout

Used in Israel. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout. Kudos to Hila M. for corrections 🙂

Hindi (Devanagari) Layout

Used in India. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Hungarian Layout

Used in Hungary. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Icelandic Layout

Used in Iceland. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Inuktitut (Nunavut) Layout

Used by peoples speaking Inuktitut, Cree, Ojibwe, and Blackfoot languages in parts of Canada. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Italian Layout

Used in Italy. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Japanese Layout

Used in Japan. It has distinct key shapes, with additional keys next to space, and changed placement of Caps Lock, Control, and Fn keys. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Kannada Layout

Used mainly in the Indian state of Karnataka. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Kazakh Layout

Used in Kazakhstan. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Khmer Layout

Used in Cambodia and Vietnam. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Korean (2-Set) Layout

Used in South Korea. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Kurdish (Sorani) Layout

Used in parts of Iraq and Iran. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Latvian Layout

Used in Latvia. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Lithuanian Layout

Used in Lithuania. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Macedonian Layout

Used in Macedonia. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Malay (Jawi) Layout

Used in Malaysia. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Malayalam Layout

Used mainly in the Indian state of Kerala. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Maltese Layout

Used in Malta as an alternative to widely used UK English or Italian layouts. This layout features symbols specific to the Maltese language. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Nepali Layout

Used in Nepal and northern India. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Northern Sami Layout

Used in northern parts of Norway, Sweden, and Finland. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Norwegian Layout

Used in Norway and Svalbard. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Oriya (Odia) Layout

Used mainly in the Indian state of Odisha. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Pashto Layout

Used in Afghanistan and Pakistan. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Persian (Farsi) Layout

Used in Iran. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Polish Layout

Used in Poland, although the newer Polish Pro layout is much more popular. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Polish Pro Layout

A modern version of Polish layout that is used in Poland almost exclusively. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout (Apple sells Macs with US International layout in Poland).

Portuguese Layout

Used in Portugal and Brazil. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Portuguese (Brazilian ABNT2) Layout

Used in Brazil. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Punjabi (Gurmukhi) Layout

Used mainly in the Indian state of Punjab and Pakistan. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Romanian Layout

Used in Romania, although Romanian — Standard, US English, and English International layouts are more popular.

Russian Layout

Used in Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Belarus. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Russian Phonetic Layout

Used mainly by foreigners who learn Russian. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Serbian Layout

Used in Serbia. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Serbian (Latin QWERTY) Layout

Used in Serbia. Identical to the Croatian, Bosnian, and Slovene layouts. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Sinhala (QWERTY) Layout

Used in Sri Lanka. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Slovak Layout

Used in Slovakia. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Slovene/Slovenian Layout

Used in Slovenia. Identical to the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian Latin layouts. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Spanish ISO (Spain) Layout

Used in Spain and Latin American countries: Mexico, Peru, Venezuela, Colombia, Chile, Argentina, Cuba, Belize, Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Surinam, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Paraguay. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Spanish (Latin America) Layout

Used in the US, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela, Colombia, Chile, Argentina, Cuba, Belize, Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Surinam, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Paraguay. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Swedish Layout

Used in Sweden and Finland. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Swiss Layout

Used in Switzerland. Matches both Swiss German and Swiss French layouts. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Tamil Layout

Used mainly in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Telugu Layout

Used mainly in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Thai Layout

Used in Thailand. You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Tibetan (QWERTY) Layout

Used by Tibetan people all around the world. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Turkish F Layout

Used in Turkey by enthusiasts and fast-typists. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Turkish Q Layout

This is a modern, widely used version of Turkish layout which utilizes QWERTY key placement (Turkish-Q). You can buy a MacBook or Apple keyboard with this layout.

Ukrainian Layout

Used in Ukraine. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Urdu Layout

Used in Pakistan and India. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Uyghur Layout

Used in western China, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Uzbek Layout

Used in Afghanistan and western parts of China. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

Vietnamese Layout

Used in Vietnam. This layout is available through Mac OS keyboard settings. You can’t buy a Mac with this layout.

How to physically switch layouts or to have a multilingual keyboard

During the years we run Keyshorts we learned how many people need to change their keyboard layout or to have multiple layouts on the same keyboard. Unfortunately, purchasing and replacing the keyboard is expensive and hard, and — in the case of quite a few layouts — impossible.

Keyboard stickers are a great solution for this. They are relatively cheap and easy to apply and come with many different layouts. You can even customize their caption and background colors.

If you simply want to switch your keyboard to another layout, we can suggest choosing our Simple Black stickers or language stickers.

If you want to have two languages on one keyboard, try our bilingual stickers. If you need even more, our trilingual stickers and quadrilingual stickers will be the perfect solution.

Conclusion

If this article was helpful or you simply like what we do, please use buttons below to share this guide with the world 😀

Sebastian Konczak

Multi-discipline man and co-founder at Keyshorts. I write about working from home, productivity hacks, e-commerce, keyboards, and Adobe tutorials.

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