Man find linux по русски

Man find linux по русски

The find utility recursively descends the directory hierarchy for each path seeking files that match a Boolean expression written in the primaries specified below.

find is able to descend to arbitrary depths in a file hierarchy and does not fail due to path length limitations (unless a path operand specified by the application exceeds PATH_MAX requirements).

find detects infinite loops; that is, entering a previously visited directory that is an ancestor of the last file encountered.

OPTIONS

The following options are supported:

-H Causes the file information and file type evaluated for each symbolic link encountered on the command line to be those of the file referenced by the link, and not the link itself. If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type is for the link itself. File information for all symbolic links not on the command line is that of the link itself.

-L Causes the file information and file type evaluated for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the link, and not the link itself. See NOTES .

Specifying more than one of the mutually-exclusive options -H and -L is not considered an error. The last option specified determines the behavior of the utility.

OPERANDS

The following operands are supported:

path A pathname of a starting point in the directory hierarchy.

expression The first argument that starts with a — , or is a ! or a ( , and all subsequent arguments are interpreted as an expression made up of the following primaries and operators. In the descriptions, wherever n is used as a primary argument, it is interpreted as a decimal integer optionally preceded by a plus ( + ) or minus ( — ) sign, as follows:

Expressions

Valid expressions are:

-acl True if the file have additional ACLs defined.

-amin n File was last accessed n minutes ago.

-atime n True if the file was accessed n days ago. The access time of directories in path is changed by find itself.

-cmin n File’s status was last changed n minutes ago.

-cpio device Always true. Writes the current file on device in cpio format (5120-byte records).

-ctime n True if the file’s status was changed n days ago.

-depth Always true. Causes descent of the directory hierarchy to be done so that all entries in a directory are acted on before the directory itself. This can be useful when find is used with cpio (1) to transfer files that are contained in directories without write permission.

-exec command True if the executed command returns a zero value as exit status. The end of command must be punctuated by an escaped semicolon ( ; ). A command argument <> is replaced by the current pathname. If the last argument to -exec is <> and you specify + rather than the semicolon ( ; ), the command is invoked fewer times, with <> replaced by groups of pathnames. If any invocation of the command returns a non-zero value as exit status, find returns a non-zero exit status.

-follow Always true and always evaluated no matter where it appears in expression . The behavior is unspecified if -follow is used when the find command is invoked with either the -H or the -L option. Causes symbolic links to be followed. When following symbolic links, find keeps track of the directories visited so that it can detect infinite loops. For example, such a loop would occur if a symbolic link pointed to an ancestor. This expression should not be used with the find-type l expression. See NOTES .

-fstype type True if the filesystem to which the file belongs is of type type .

-group gname True if the file belongs to the group gname . If gname is numeric and does not appear in the /etc/group file, or in the NIS / NIS+ tables, it is taken as a group ID .

-inum n True if the file has inode number n .

-links n True if the file has n links.

-local True if the file system type is not a remote file system type as defined in the /etc/dfs/fstypes file. nfs is used as the default remote filesystem type if the /etc/dfs/fstypes file is not present. The -local option descends the hierarchy of non-local directories. See EXAMPLES for an example of how to search for local files without descending.

-ls Always true. Prints current pathname together with its associated statistics. These include (respectively): o inode number o size in kilobytes (1024 bytes) o protection mode o number of hard links o user o group o size in bytes o modification time. If the file is a special file, the size field instead contains the major and minor device numbers.

If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the linked-to file is printed preceded by ` -> ‘. The format is identical to that of ls -gilds (see ls (1B)).

Formatting is done internally, without executing the ls program.

-mmin n File’s data was last modified n minutes ago.

-mount Always true. Restricts the search to the file system containing the directory specified. Does not list mount points to other file systems.

-mtime n True if the file’s data was modified n days ago.

-name pattern True if pattern matches the basename of the current file name. Normal shell file name generation characters (see sh (1)) can be used. A backslash ( \ ) is used as an escape character within the pattern. The pattern should be escaped or quoted when find is invoked from the shell.

Unless the character ‘ . ‘ is explicitly specified in the beginning of pattern , a current file name beginning with ‘ . ‘ does not match pattern when using /usr/bin/find . /usr/xpg4/bin/find does not make this distinction; wildcard file name generation characters can match file names beginning with ‘ . ‘.

-ncpio device Always true. Writes the current file on device in cpio -c format (5120 byte records).

-newer file True if the current file has been modified more recently than the argument file .

-nogroup True if the file belongs to a group not in the /etc/group file, or in the NIS / NIS+ tables.

-nouser True if the file belongs to a user not in the /etc/passwd file, or in the NIS / NIS+ tables.

-ok command Like -exec , except that the generated command line is printed with a question mark first, and is executed only if the response is affirmative.

-perm [ — ] mode The mode argument is used to represent file mode bits. It is identical in format to the symbolic mode operand, symbolic_mode_list , described in chmod (1), and is interpreted as follows. To start, a template is assumed with all file mode bits cleared. An op symbol of:

+ Set the appropriate mode bits in the template

— Clear the appropriate bits

= Set the appropriate mode bits, without regard to the contents of the file mode creation mask of the process

The op symbol of — cannot be the first character of mode , to avoid ambiguity with the optional leading hyphen. Since the initial mode is all bits off, there are no symbolic modes that need to use — as the first character.

If the hyphen is omitted, the primary evaluates as true when the file permission bits exactly match the value of the resulting template.

Otherwise, if mode is prefixed by a hyphen, the primary evaluates as true if at least all the bits in the resulting template are set in the file permission bits.

-perm [ — ] onum True if the file permission flags exactly match the octal number onum (see chmod (1)). If onum is prefixed by a minus sign ( — ), only the bits that are set in onum are compared with the file permission flags, and the expression evaluates true if they match.

-print Always true. Causes the current pathname to be printed.

-prune Always yields true. Does not examine any directories or files in the directory structure below the pattern just matched. (See EXAMPLES). If -depth is specified, -prune has no effect.

-size n [ c ] True if the file is n blocks long (512 bytes per block). If n is followed by a c , the size is in bytes.

-type c True if the type of the file is c , where c is b , c , d , D , f , l , p , or s for block special file, character special file, directory, door, plain file, symbolic link, fifo (named pipe), or socket, respectively.

-user uname True if the file belongs to the user uname . If uname is numeric and does not appear as a login name in the /etc/passwd file, or in the NIS / NIS+ tables, it is taken as a user ID .

-xdev Same as the -mount primary.

-xattr True if the file has extended attributes.

Complex Expressions

The primaries can be combined using the following operators (in order of decreasing precedence):

True if the parenthesized expression is true (parentheses are special to the shell and must be escaped).

The negation of a primary ( ! is the unary not operator).

3) expression [ -a ] expression

Concatenation of primaries (the and operation is implied by the juxtaposition of two primaries).

4) expression -o expression

Alternation of primaries ( -o is the or operator).

When you use find in conjunction with cpio , if you use the -L option with cpio , you must use the -L option or the -follow primitive with find and vice versa. Otherwise the results are unspecified.

If no expression is present, -print is used as the expression. Otherwise, if the specified expression does not contain any of the primaries -exec , -ok , -ls , or -print , the specified expression is effectively replaced by:

The -user , -group , and -newer primaries each evaluate their respective arguments only once. Invocation of command specified by -exec or -ok does not affect subsequent primaries on the same file.

USAGE

See largefile (5) for the description of the behavior of find when encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte (2^31 bytes).

EXAMPLES

Example 1 Writing Out the Hierarchy Directory

The following commands are equivalent:

They both write out the entire directory hierarchy from the current directory.

Example 2 Removing Files

The following comand removes all files in your home directory named a.out or *.o that have not been accessed for a week:

Example 3 Printing All File Names But Skipping SCCS Directories

The following command recursively print all file names in the current directory and below, but skipping SCCS directories:

Example 4 Printing all file names and the SCCS directory name

Recursively print all file names in the current directory and below, skipping the contents of SCCS directories, but printing out the SCCS directory name:

Example 5 Testing for the Newer File

The following command is basically equivalent to the -nt extension to test (1):

Example 6 Selecting a File Using 24-hour Mode

The descriptions of -atime , -ctime , and -mtime use the terminology n «24-hour periods». For example, a file accessed at 23:59 is selected by:

at 00:01 the next day (less than 24 hours later, not more than one day ago). The midnight boundary between days has no effect on the 24-hour calculation.

Example 7 Printing Files Matching a User’s Permission Mode

The following command recursively print all file names whose permission mode exactly matches read, write, and execute access for user, and read and execute access for group and other:

The above could alternatively be specified as follows:

Example 8 Printing Files with Write Access for other

The following command recursively print all file names whose permission includes, but is not limited to, write access for other:

Example 9 Printing Local Files without Descending Non-local Directories

Example 10 Printing the Files in the Name Space Possessing Extended Attributes

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

See environ (5) for descriptions of the following environment variables that affect the execution of find : LANG , LC_ALL , LC_COLLATE , LC_CTYPE , LC_MESSAGES , and NLSPATH .

PATH Determine the location of the utility_name for the -exec and -ok primaries.

Affirmative responses are processed using the extended regular expression defined for the yesexpr keyword in the LC_MESSAGES category of the user’s locale. The locale specified in the LC_COLLATE category defines the behavior of ranges, equivalence classes, and multi-character collating elements used in the expression defined for yesexpr . The locale specified in LC_CTYPE determines the locale for interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data a characters, the behavior of character classes used in the expression defined for the yesexpr . See locale (5).

EXIT STATUS

The following exit values are returned:

0 All path operands were traversed successfully.

>0 An error occurred.

FILES

/etc/passwd Password file

/etc/group Group file

/etc/dfs/fstypes File that registers distributed file system packages

ATTRIBUTES

See attributes (5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

ATTRIBUTE TYPE ATTRIBUTE VALUE Availability SUNWcsu CSI Interface Stability Standard

SEE ALSO

WARNINGS

The following options are obsolete and will not be supported in future releases:

-cpio device Always true. Writes the current file on device in cpio format (5120-byte records).

-ncpio device Always true. Writes the current file on device in cpio -c format (5120-byte records).

NOTES

When using find to determine files modified within a range of time, use the -mtime argument before the -print argument. Otherwise, find gives all files.

Some files that might be under the Solaris root file system are actually mount points for virtual file systems, such as mntfs or namefs . When comparing against a ufs file system, such files are not selected if -mount or -xdev is specified in the find expression.

Using the -L or -follow option is not recommended when descending a file-system hierarchy that is under the control of other users. In particular, when using -exec , symbolic links can lead the find command out of the hierarchy in which it started. Using -type is not sufficient to restrict the type of files on which the -exec command operates, because there is an inherent race condition between the type-check performed by the find command and the time the executed command operates on the file argument.

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Man find linux по русски

find [ -H | -L ] path . [ operand_expression . ]

DESCRIPTION

The find utility shall recursively descend the directory hierarchy from each file specified by path , evaluating a Boolean expression composed of the primaries described in the OPERANDS section for each file encountered.

The find utility shall be able to descend to arbitrary depths in a file hierarchy and shall not fail due to path length limitations (unless a path operand specified by the application exceeds requirements).

The find utility shall detect infinite loops; that is, entering a previously visited directory that is an ancestor of the last file encountered. When it detects an infinite loop, find shall write a diagnostic message to standard error and shall either recover its position in the hierarchy or terminate.

OPTIONS

The find utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines.

The following options shall be supported by the implementation: -H Cause the file information and file type evaluated for each symbolic link encountered on the command line to be those of the file referenced by the link, and not the link itself. If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type shall be for the link itself. File information for all symbolic links not on the command line shall be that of the link itself. -L Cause the file information and file type evaluated for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the link, and not the link itself.

Specifying more than one of the mutually-exclusive options -H and -L shall not be considered an error. The last option specified shall determine the behavior of the utility.

OPERANDS

The following operands shall be supported:

The path operand is a pathname of a starting point in the directory hierarchy.

The first argument that starts with a ‘-‘ , or is a ‘!’ or a ‘(‘ , and all subsequent arguments shall be interpreted as an expression made up of the following primaries and operators. In the descriptions, wherever n is used as a primary argument, it shall be interpreted as a decimal integer optionally preceded by a plus ( ‘+’ ) or minus ( ‘-‘ ) sign, as follows: + n More than n . n Exactly n . — n Less than n .

The following primaries shall be supported: -name pattern

The primary shall evaluate as true if the basename of the filename being examined matches pattern using the pattern matching notation described in Pattern Matching Notation . -nouser The primary shall evaluate as true if the file belongs to a user ID for which the getpwuid () function defined in the System Interfaces volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (or equivalent) returns NULL. -nogroup The primary shall evaluate as true if the file belongs to a group ID for which the getgrgid () function defined in the System Interfaces volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (or equivalent) returns NULL. -xdev The primary shall always evaluate as true; it shall cause find not to continue descending past directories that have a different device ID ( st_dev , see the stat () function defined in the System Interfaces volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001). If any -xdev primary is specified, it shall apply to the entire expression even if the -xdev primary would not normally be evaluated. -prune The primary shall always evaluate as true; it shall cause find not to descend the current pathname if it is a directory. If the -depth primary is specified, the -prune primary shall have no effect. -perm [-] mode

The mode argument is used to represent file mode bits. It shall be identical in format to the symbolic_mode operand described in chmod () , and shall be interpreted as follows. To start, a template shall be assumed with all file mode bits cleared. An op symbol of ‘+’ shall set the appropriate mode bits in the template; ‘-‘ shall clear the appropriate bits; ‘=’ shall set the appropriate mode bits, without regard to the contents of process’ file mode creation mask. The op symbol of ‘-‘ cannot be the first character of mode ; this avoids ambiguity with the optional leading hyphen. Since the initial mode is all bits off, there are not any symbolic modes that need to use ‘-‘ as the first character.

If the hyphen is omitted, the primary shall evaluate as true when the file permission bits exactly match the value of the resulting template.

Otherwise, if mode is prefixed by a hyphen, the primary shall evaluate as true if at least all the bits in the resulting template are set in the file permission bits. -perm [-] onum

If the hyphen is omitted, the primary shall evaluate as true when the file permission bits exactly match the value of the octal number onum and only the bits corresponding to the octal mask 07777 shall be compared. (See the description of the octal mode in chmod () .) Otherwise, if onum is prefixed by a hyphen, the primary shall evaluate as true if at least all of the bits specified in onum that are also set in the octal mask 07777 are set. -type c The primary shall evaluate as true if the type of the file is c , where c is ‘b’ , ‘c’ , ‘d’ , ‘l’ , ‘p’ , ‘f’ , or ‘s’ for block special file, character special file, directory, symbolic link, FIFO, regular file, or socket, respectively. -links n The primary shall evaluate as true if the file has n links. -user uname The primary shall evaluate as true if the file belongs to the user uname. If uname is a decimal integer and the getpwnam () (or equivalent) function does not return a valid user name, uname shall be interpreted as a user ID. -group gname

The primary shall evaluate as true if the file belongs to the group gname . If gname is a decimal integer and the getgrnam () (or equivalent) function does not return a valid group name, gname shall be interpreted as a group ID. -size n [c] The primary shall evaluate as true if the file size in bytes, divided by 512 and rounded up to the next integer, is n . If n is followed by the character ‘c’ , the size shall be in bytes. -atime n The primary shall evaluate as true if the file access time subtracted from the initialization time, divided by 86400 (with any remainder discarded), is n . -ctime n The primary shall evaluate as true if the time of last change of file status information subtracted from the initialization time, divided by 86400 (with any remainder discarded), is n . -mtime n The primary shall evaluate as true if the file modification time subtracted from the initialization time, divided by 86400 (with any remainder discarded), is n . -exec utility_name [ argument . ] ; -exec utility_name [ argument . ] <> +

The end of the primary expression shall be punctuated by a semicolon or by a plus sign. Only a plus sign that follows an argument containing the two characters «<>» shall punctuate the end of the primary expression. Other uses of the plus sign shall not be treated as special.

If the primary expression is punctuated by a semicolon, the utility utility_name shall be invoked once for each pathname and the primary shall evaluate as true if the utility returns a zero value as exit status. A utility_name or argument containing only the two characters «<>» shall be replaced by the current pathname.

If the primary expression is punctuated by a plus sign, the primary shall always evaluate as true, and the pathnames for which the primary is evaluated shall be aggregated into sets. The utility utility_name shall be invoked once for each set of aggregated pathnames. Each invocation shall begin after the last pathname in the set is aggregated, and shall be completed before the find utility exits and before the first pathname in the next set (if any) is aggregated for this primary, but it is otherwise unspecified whether the invocation occurs before, during, or after the evaluations of other primaries. If any invocation returns a non-zero value as exit status, the find utility shall return a non-zero exit status. An argument containing only the two characters «<>» shall be replaced by the set of aggregated pathnames, with each pathname passed as a separate argument to the invoked utility in the same order that it was aggregated. The size of any set of two or more pathnames shall be limited such that execution of the utility does not cause the system’s limit to be exceeded. If more than one argument containing only the two characters «<>» is present, the behavior is unspecified.

If a utility_name or argument string contains the two characters «<>» , but not just the two characters «<>» , it is implementation-defined whether find replaces those two characters or uses the string without change. The current directory for the invocation of utility_name shall be the same as the current directory when the find utility was started. If the utility_name names any of the special built-in utilities (see Special Built-In Utilities ), the results are undefined. -ok utility_name [ argument . ] ;

The -ok primary shall be equivalent to -exec , except that the use of a plus sign to punctuate the end of the primary expression need not be supported, and find shall request affirmation of the invocation of utility_name using the current file as an argument by writing to standard error as described in the STDERR section. If the response on standard input is affirmative, the utility shall be invoked. Otherwise, the command shall not be invoked and the value of the -ok operand shall be false. -print The primary shall always evaluate as true; it shall cause the current pathname to be written to standard output. -newer file The primary shall evaluate as true if the modification time of the current file is more recent than the modification time of the file named by the pathname file . -depth The primary shall always evaluate as true; it shall cause descent of the directory hierarchy to be done so that all entries in a directory are acted on before the directory itself. If a -depth primary is not specified, all entries in a directory shall be acted on after the directory itself. If any -depth primary is specified, it shall apply to the entire expression even if the -depth primary would not normally be evaluated.

The primaries can be combined using the following operators (in order of decreasing precedence): ( expression ) True if expression is true. ! expression Negation of a primary; the unary NOT operator. expression [-a] expression

Conjunction of primaries; the AND operator is implied by the juxtaposition of two primaries or made explicit by the optional -a operator. The second expression shall not be evaluated if the first expression is false. expression -o expression

Alternation of primaries; the OR operator. The second expression shall not be evaluated if the first expression is true.

If no expression is present, -print shall be used as the expression. Otherwise, if the given expression does not contain any of the primaries -exec , -ok , or -print , the given expression shall be effectively replaced by:

The -user , -group , and -newer primaries each shall evaluate their respective arguments only once.

STDIN

If the -ok primary is used, the response shall be read from the standard input. An entire line shall be read as the response. Otherwise, the standard input shall not be used.

INPUT FILES

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

The following environment variables shall affect the execution of find : LANG Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. (See the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables for the precedence of internationalization variables used to determine the values of locale categories.) LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalization variables. LC_COLLATE

Determine the locale for the behavior of ranges, equivalence classes, and multi-character collating elements used in the pattern matching notation for the -n option and in the extended regular expression defined for the yesexpr locale keyword in the LC_MESSAGES category. LC_CTYPE This variable determines the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments), the behavior of character classes within the pattern matching notation used for the -n option, and the behavior of character classes within regular expressions used in the extended regular expression defined for the yesexpr locale keyword in the LC_MESSAGES category. LC_MESSAGES Determine the locale for the processing of affirmative responses that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error. NLSPATH Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of LC_MESSAGES . PATH Determine the location of the utility_name for the -exec and -ok primaries, as described in the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Chapter 8, Environment Variables.

ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS

STDOUT

The -print primary shall cause the current pathnames to be written to standard output. The format shall be:

STDERR

The -ok primary shall write a prompt to standard error containing at least the utility_name to be invoked and the current pathname. In the POSIX locale, the last non- in the prompt shall be ‘?’ . The exact format used is unspecified.

Otherwise, the standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.

OUTPUT FILES

EXTENDED DESCRIPTION

EXIT STATUS

The following exit values shall be returned: 0 All path operands were traversed successfully. >0 An error occurred.

CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS

The following sections are informative.

APPLICATION USAGE

When used in operands, pattern matching notation, semicolons, opening parentheses, and closing parentheses are special to the shell and must be quoted (see Quoting ).

The bit that is traditionally used for sticky (historically 01000) is specified in the -perm primary using the octal number argument form. Since this bit is not defined by this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, applications must not assume that it actually refers to the traditional sticky bit.

EXAMPLES

The following commands are equivalent:

They both write out the entire directory hierarchy from the current directory.

The following command:

removes all files named tmp or ending in .xx that have not been accessed for seven or more 24-hour periods.

The following command:

prints ( -print is assumed) the names of all files in or below the current directory, with all of the file permission bits S_ISUID, S_ISGID, and S_IWOTH set.

The following command:

recursively prints pathnames of all files in the current directory and below, but skips directories named SCCS and files in them.

The following command:

behaves as in the previous example, but prints the names of the SCCS directories.

The following command is roughly equivalent to the -nt extension to test :

The descriptions of -atime , -ctime , and -mtime use the terminology n «86400 second periods (days)». For example, a file accessed at 23:59 is selected by:

at 00:01 the next day (less than 24 hours later, not more than one day ago); the midnight boundary between days has no effect on the 24-hour calculation.

RATIONALE

The -a operator was retained as an optional operator for compatibility with historical shell scripts, even though it is redundant with expression concatenation.

The descriptions of the ‘-‘ modifier on the mode and onum arguments to the -perm primary agree with historical practice on BSD and System V implementations. System V and BSD documentation both describe it in terms of checking additional bits; in fact, it uses the same bits, but checks for having at least all of the matching bits set instead of having exactly the matching bits set.

The exact format of the interactive prompts is unspecified. Only the general nature of the contents of prompts are specified because:

Implementations may desire more descriptive prompts than those used on historical implementations.

Since the historical prompt strings do not terminate with s, there is no portable way for another program to interact with the prompts of this utility via pipes.

Therefore, an application using this prompting option relies on the system to provide the most suitable dialog directly with the user, based on the general guidelines specified.

The -name file operand was changed to use the shell pattern matching notation so that find is consistent with other utilities using pattern matching.

The -size operand refers to the size of a file, rather than the number of blocks it may occupy in the file system. The intent is that the st_size field defined in the System Interfaces volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 should be used, not the st_blocks found in historical implementations. There are at least two reasons for this:

In both System V and BSD, find only uses st_size in size calculations for the operands specified by this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001. (BSD uses st_blocks only when processing the -ls primary.)

Users usually think of file size in terms of bytes, which is also the unit used by the ls utility for the output from the -l option. (In both System V and BSD, ls uses st_size for the -l option size field and uses st_blocks for the ls -s calculations. This volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 does not specify ls -s .)

The descriptions of -atime , -ctime , and -mtime were changed from the SVID description of n «days» to «24-hour periods». The description is also different in terms of the exact timeframe for the n case ( versus the +n or -n ), but it matches all known historical implementations. It refers to one 86400 second period in the past, not any time from the beginning of that period to the current time. For example, -atime 3 is true if the file was accessed any time in the period from 72 hours to 48 hours ago.

Historical implementations do not modify «<>» when it appears as a substring of an -exec or -ok utility_name or argument string. There have been numerous user requests for this extension, so this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 allows the desired behavior. At least one recent implementation does support this feature, but encountered several problems in managing memory allocation and dealing with multiple occurrences of «<>» in a string while it was being developed, so it is not yet required behavior.

Assuming the presence of -print was added to correct a historical pitfall that plagues novice users, it is entirely upwards-compatible from the historical System V find utility. In its simplest form ( find directory ), it could be confused with the historical BSD fast find . The BSD developers agreed that adding -print as a default expression was the correct decision and have added the fast find functionality within a new utility called locate .

Historically, the -L option was implemented using the primary -follow . The -H and -L options were added for two reasons. First, they offer a finer granularity of control and consistency with other programs that walk file hierarchies. Second, the -follow primary always evaluated to true. As they were historically really global variables that took effect before the traversal began, some valid expressions had unexpected results. An example is the expression -print -o -follow . Because -print always evaluates to true, the standard order of evaluation implies that -follow would never be evaluated. This was never the case. Historical practice for the -follow primary, however, is not consistent. Some implementations always follow symbolic links on the command line whether -follow is specified or not. Others follow symbolic links on the command line only if -follow is specified. Both behaviors are provided by the -H and -L options, but scripts using the current -follow primary would be broken if the -follow option is specified to work either way.

Since the -L option resolves all symbolic links and the -type l primary is true for symbolic links that still exist after symbolic links have been resolved, the command:

prints a list of symbolic links reachable from the current directory that do not resolve to accessible files.

A feature of SVR4’s find utility was the -exec primary’s + terminator. This allowed filenames containing special characters (especially s) to be grouped together without the problems that occur if such filenames are piped to xargs . Other implementations have added other ways to get around this problem, notably a -print0 primary that wrote filenames with a null byte terminator. This was considered here, but not adopted. Using a null terminator meant that any utility that was going to process find ‘s -print0 output had to add a new option to parse the null terminators it would now be reading.

The «-exec . <> +» syntax adopted was a result of IEEE PASC Interpretation 1003.2 #210. It should be noted that this is an incompatible change to the ISO/IEC 9899:1999 standard. For example, the following command prints all files with a ‘-‘ after their name if they are regular files, and a ‘+’ otherwise:

The change invalidates usage like this. Even though the previous standard stated that this usage would work, in practice many did not support it and the standard developers felt it better to now state that this was not allowable.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

SEE ALSO

Quoting , Pattern Matching Notation , Special Built-In Utilities , chmod () , pax , sh , test , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, getgrgid (), getpwuid (), stat ()

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