Разработка приложений для универсальной платформы Windows (UWP) Develop apps for the Universal Windows Platform (UWP)

Благодаря универсальной платформе Windows и единому ядру Windows одно и то же приложение можно запускать на любом устройстве Windows 10 — от телефонов и до настольных компьютеров. With the Universal Windows Platform and our one Windows core, you can run the same app on any Windows 10 device, from phones to desktops. Используйте Visual Studio со средствами разработки универсальных приложений Windows для создания этих приложений. Create these Universal Windows apps with Visual Studio and the Universal Windows App development tools.

Запускайте приложение в Windows 10 Phone, на настольных компьютерах Windows 10 или в Xbox. Run your app on a Windows 10 phone, a Windows 10 desktop, or an Xbox. Это один и тот же пакет приложения! It’s the same app package! С появлением единого унифицированного ядра (OneCore) Windows 10, один пакет приложения может работать на всех платформах. With the introduction of the Windows 10 single, unified core, one app package can run across all platforms. Несколько платформ располагают пакетами SDK расширений, которые можно добавить в приложение для реализации конкретных поведений платформы. Several platforms have extension SDKs that you can add to your app to take advantage of platform-specific behaviors. Например, пакет SDK для расширений для мобильных устройств обрабатывает нажатие кнопки «Назад» в Windows Phone. For example, an extension SDK for mobile handles the back button being pressed on a Windows phone. Если вы ссылаетесь в своем проекте на пакет SDK расширений, просто добавьте проверки времени выполнения, чтобы убедиться, что этот SDK доступен на этой платформе. If you reference an extension SDK in your project, then just add runtime checks to test if that SDK is available on that platform. Таким способом можно иметь один и тот же пакет приложения для каждой платформы! That’s how you can have the same app package for each platform!

Что такое ядро Windows? What is the Windows core?

Для ОС Windows был впервые выполнен рефакторинг, в результате чего было создано общее ядро для всех платформ Windows 10. For the first time, Windows has been refactored to have a common core across all Windows 10 platforms. Это один общий источник, одно общее ядро Windows, один стек ввода-вывода файла и одна модель приложения. There is one common source, one common Windows kernel, one file I/O stack, and one app model. Для пользовательского интерфейса предусмотрена только одна платформа пользовательского интерфейса XAML и одна платформа пользовательского интерфейса HTML. For the UI, there is just one XAML UI framework and one HTML UI framework. Вы можете сосредоточиться на создании превосходных приложений, так как процесс запуска приложений на разных устройствах Windows 10 значительно упрощен. You can concentrate on creating a great app, because we’ve made it easy to have your app run on different Windows 10 devices.

Что такое универсальная платформа Windows? What exactly is the Universal Windows Platform?

Универсальная платформа Windows — это просто коллекция контрактов и версий. The Universal Windows Platform is simply a collection of contracts and versions. Они позволяют нацеливаться на среду, в которой может работать приложение. These allow you to target where your app can run. Вам больше не нужно ориентироваться на операционную систему, теперь вы ориентируетесь на одно или несколько семейств устройств. You no longer target an operating system; now you target one or more device families. Дополнительные сведения см. в разделе Введение в работу с универсальной платформой Windows. Learn more details by reading Intro to the Universal Windows Platform.

Требования Requirements

Средства разработки универсальных приложений Windows поставляются с эмуляторами, которые позволяют узнать, как ваши приложения выглядят на разных устройствах. The Universal Windows App development tools come with emulators that you can use to see how your app looks on different devices. Чтобы использовать эти эмуляторы, необходимо установить соответствующее программное обеспечение на физическом компьютере. If you want to use these emulators, you need to install this software on a physical machine. Физический компьютер должен работать под управлением версии Windows 8.1 Профессиональная (x64) или более поздней и иметь процессор, который поддерживает клиент Hyper-V и преобразование адресов второго уровня (SLAT). The physical machine must run Windows 8.1 (x64) Professional edition or higher, and have a processor that supports Client Hyper-V and Second Level Address Translation (SLAT). Если на виртуальной машине выполнена установка Visual Studio, эмуляторы на ней работать не могут. The emulators cannot be used when Visual Studio is installed on a virtual machine.

Ниже приведен список необходимого программного обеспечения. Here is the list of software that you need:

Windows 10. Windows 10. Visual Studio 2017 поддерживает разработку UWP только в Windows 10. Visual Studio 2017 supports UWP development only on Windows 10. Дополнительные сведения см. в разделах Целевые платформы и Системные требования для Visual Studio. For more details, see Visual Studio Platform targeting and System requirements.

Visual Studio. Visual Studio. Вам также потребуется необязательная рабочая нагрузка «Разработка приложений для универсальной платформы Windows». You will also need the optional Universal Windows Platform development workload.

Windows 10. Windows 10. Visual Studio 2019 поддерживает разработку UWP только в Windows 10. Visual Studio 2019 supports UWP development only on Windows 10. Дополнительные сведения см. в разделах Целевые платформы и Системные требования для Visual Studio. For more details, see Visual Studio Platform targeting and System requirements.

Visual Studio. Visual Studio. Вам также потребуется необязательная рабочая нагрузка «Разработка приложений для универсальной платформы Windows». You will also need the optional Universal Windows Platform development workload.

После установки программного обеспечения нужно разрешить разработку на устройстве Windows 10. After installing this software, you need to enable your Windows 10 device for development. См. раздел Разрешение разработки на устройстве. See Enable your device for development. (Вам больше не нужна лицензия разработчика для каждого устройства Windows 10.) You no longer need a developer license for each Windows 10 device.

Универсальные приложения Windows Universal Windows apps

Выберите предпочтительный язык разработки (C#, Visual Basic, C++ или JavaScript), чтобы создать приложение универсальной платформы Windows для устройств Windows 10. Choose your preferred development language from C#, Visual Basic, C++ or JavaScript to create a Universal Windows Platform app for Windows 10 devices. Ознакомьтесь со статьей о создании первого приложения или видеороликом с обзором инструментов для Windows 10. Read Create your first app or watch the Tools for Windows 10 Overview video.

При наличии существующих приложений Магазина Windows 8.1, приложений для Windows Phone 8.1 или универсальных приложений Windows, созданных с помощью Visual Studio 2015, вам потребуется перенести их, чтобы использовать последнюю версию универсальной платформы Windows. If you have existing Windows Store 8.1 apps, Windows Phone 8.1 apps, or Universal Windows apps that were created with Visual Studio 2015, you’ll need to port these apps to use the latest Universal Windows Platform. См. раздел Перенос приложения из среды выполнения Windows 8.x в UWP. See Move from Windows Runtime 8.x to UWP.

После создания универсального приложения Windows нужно упаковать его, чтобы установить на устройстве Windows 10 или отправить в Магазин Windows. After you create your Universal Windows app, you must package your app to install it on a Windows 10 device or submit it to the Windows Store. См. раздел Упаковка приложений. See Packaging apps.

Приступая к работе с приложениями для Windows 10 Get started with Windows 10 apps

Создавайте приложения, которые работают на всех устройствах с Windows 10, или улучшайте существующие приложения с помощью новых и обновленных функций. Build apps that work on all Windows 10 devices, or enhance your existing apps with new and updated features.

Сведения о приложениях для Windows 10. Learn about Windows 10 Apps

Windows 10 и универсальная платформа Windows позволяют создавать приложения, которые прекрасно работают и выглядят на всех типах устройств с Windows, или обновлять существующие приложения с помощью современных функций. Windows 10 and the Universal Windows Platform let you build apps that work and look great across all Windows device types, or update existing apps with modern features.

Подготовка Get set up

Visual Studio Community и пакет SDK для Windows 10 содержат все необходимые инструменты для разработки превосходных приложений, причем это абсолютно бесплатно! Visual Studio Community and the Windows 10 SDK give you everything you need to build great apps – and they’re free.

Начало разработки Start coding

Независимо от того, являетесь ли вы опытным разработчиком или просто создаете свое первое приложение, вы можете получить помощь по платформе Windows 10 и доступ к учебной документации. Whether you’re an experienced dev or just building your first app, get hands-on experience with the Windows 10 platform and docs.

Учебники Tutorials

Вам нужно пройти пошаговое обучение с практическими примерами? Looking for a guided learning experience? Эти руководства помогут вам. These tutorials will help.

Примеры Samples

Научитесь на личном опыте работать с платформой Windows 10 и оцените возможности интерфейсов API в действии. Get firsthand experience with the Windows 10 platform and see APIs in action.

Новые возможности What’s new

Расширьте свои возможности и изучите последние изменения в Windows 10. Expand your horizons and explore the latest additions to Windows 10.

What’s a Universal Windows Platform (UWP) app?

UWP is one of many ways to create client applications for Windows. UWP apps use WinRT APIs to provide powerful UI and advanced asynchronous features that are ideal for internet-connected devices.

To download the tools you need to start creating UWP apps, see Get set up, and then write your first app.

Where does UWP fit in the Microsoft development story?

UWP is one choice for creating apps that run on Windows 10 devices, and can be combined with other platforms. UWP apps can make use of Win32 APIs and .NET classes (see API Sets for UWP apps, Dlls for UWP apps, and .NET for UWP apps).

The Microsoft development story continues to evolve, and along with initiatives such as WinUI, MSIX, and Project Reunion, UWP is a powerful tool for creating client apps.

Features of a UWP app

• Secure: UWP apps declare which device resources and data they access. The user must authorize that access.
• Able to use a common API on all devices that run Windows 10.
• Able to use device specific capabilities and adapt the UI to different device screen sizes, resolutions, and DPI.
• Available from the Microsoft Store on all devices (or only those that you specify) that run on Windows 10. The Microsoft Store provides multiple ways to make money on your app.
• Able to be installed and uninstalled without risk to the machine or incurring «machine rot».
• Engaging: use live tiles, push notifications, and user activities that interact with Windows Timeline and Cortana’s Pick Up Where I Left Off, to engage users.
• Programmable in C#, C++, Visual Basic, and Javascript. For UI, use WinUI, XAML, HTML, or DirectX.

Let’s look at these in more detail.

Secure

UWP apps declare in their manifest the device capabilities they need such as access to the microphone, location, Webcam, USB devices, files, and so on. The user must acknowledge and authorize that access before the app is granted the capability.

A common API surface across all devices

WindowsВ 10 introduces the Universal Windows Platform (UWP), which provides a common app platform on every device that runs WindowsВ 10. The UWP core APIs are the same on all Windows devices. If your app only uses the core APIs, it will run on any WindowsВ 10 device no matter whether you are targeting a desktop PC, Xbox, Mixed-reality headset, and so on.

A UWP app written in C++ /WinRT or C++ /CX has access to the Win32 APIs that are part of the UWP. These Win32 APIs are implemented by all WindowsВ 10 devices.

Extension SDKs expose the unique capabilities of specific device types

If you target the universal APIs, then your app can run on all devices that run Windows 10. But if you want your UWP app to take advantage of device-specific APIs, then you can do that, too.

Extension SDKs let you call specialized APIs for different devices. For example, if your UWP app targets an IoT device, you can add the IoT extension SDK to your project to target features specific to IoT devices. For more information about adding extension SDKs, see the Extension SDKs section in Programming with extension SDKs.

You can write your app so that you expect it to run only on a particular type of device, and then limit its distribution from the Microsoft Store to just that type of device. Or, you can conditionally test for the presence of an API at runtime and adapt your app’s behavior accordingly. For more information, see the Writing code section in Programming with extension SDKs.

The following video provides a brief overview of device families and adaptive coding:

Adaptive controls and input

UI elements respond to the size and DPI of the screen the app is running on by adjusting their layout and scale. UWP apps work well with multiple types of input such as keyboard, mouse, touch, pen, and Xbox One controllers. If you need to further tailor your UI to a specific screen size or device, new layout panels and tooling help you design UI that can adapt to the different devices and form factors that your app may run on.

Windows helps you target your UI to multiple devices with the following features:

• Universal controls and layout panels help you to optimize your UI for the screen resolution of the device. For example, controls such as buttons and sliders automatically adapt to device screen size and DPI density. Layout panels help adjust the layout of content based on the size of the screen. Adaptive scaling adjusts to resolution and DPI differences across devices.
• Common input handling allows you to receive input through touch, a pen, a mouse, a keyboard, or a controller such as a Microsoft Xbox controller.
• Tooling that helps you to design UI that can adapt to different screen resolutions.

Some aspects of your app’s UI will automatically adapt across devices. Your app’s user-experience design, however, may need to adapt depending on the device the app is running on. For example, a photo app could adapt its UI when running on a small, handheld device to ensure that usage is ideal for single-handed use. When a photo app is running on a desktop computer, the UI should adapt to take advantage of the additional screen space.

There’s one store for all devices

A unified app store makes your app available on WindowsВ 10 devices such as PC, tablet, Xbox, HoloLens, Surface Hub, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. You can submit your app to the store and make it available to all types of devices, or only those you choose. You submit and manage all your apps for Windows devices in one place. Have a C++ desktop app that you want to modernize with UWP features and sell in the Microsoft store? That’s okay, too.

UWP apps integrate with Application Insights for detailed telemetry and analytics—a crucial tool for understanding your users and improving your apps.

UWP apps can be packaged with MSIX and distributed via the Microsoft Store, or in other ways. MSIX allows apps to be updated no matter how they are distributed, see Update non-Store published app packages from your code.

Monetize your app

You can choose how you’ll monetize your app. There are a number of ways to make money with your app. All you need to do is choose the one that works best for you, for example:

• A paid download is the simplest option. Just name the price.
• Trials let users try your app before buying it, providing easier discoverability and conversion than the more traditional «freemium» options.
• Sale prices to incentivize users.
• In-app purchases.

Deliver relevant, real-time info to your users to keep them coming back

There are a variety of ways to keep users engaged with your UWP app:

• Live tiles and lock screen tiles that show contextually relevant and timely info from your app at a glance.
• Push notifications that bring real-time alerts to your user’s attention.
• User Activities allow users to pick up where they left off in your app, even across devices.
• The Action Center organizes notifications from your app.
• Background execution and triggers bring your app into action when the user needs it.
• Your app can use voice and Bluetooth LE devices to help users interact with the world around them.
• Integrate Cortana to add voice command capability to your app.

Use a language you already know

UWP apps use the Windows Runtime, the native API provided by the operating system. This API is implemented in C++ and is supported in C#, Visual Basic, C++, and JavaScript. Some options for writing UWP apps include:

• XAML UI and C#, VB, or C++
• DirectX UI and C++
• JavaScript and HTML
• WinUI

Links to help you get going

Get set up

Check out Get set up to download the tools you need to start creating apps, and then write your first app.

Design your app

The Microsoft design system is named Fluent. The Fluent Design System is a set of UWP features combined with best practices for creating apps that perform beautifully on all types of Windows-powered devices. Fluent experiences adapt and feel natural on devices from tablets to laptops, from PCs to televisions, and on virtual reality devices. See The Fluent Design System for UWP apps for an introduction to Fluent Design.

Good design is the process of deciding how users will interact with your app, in addition to how it will look and function. User experience plays a huge part in determining how happy people will be with your app, so don’t skimp on this step. Design basics introduces you to designing a Universal Windows app. See the Introduction to Universal Windows Platform (UWP) apps for designers for information on designing UWP apps that delight your users. Before you start coding, see the device primer to help you think through the interaction experience of using your app on all the different form factors you want to target.

In addition to interaction on different devices, plan your app to embrace the benefits of working across multiple devices. For example:

Design your workflow using Navigation design basics for UWP apps to accommodate mobile, small-screen, and large-screen devices. Lay out your user interface to respond to different screen sizes and resolutions.

Consider how you’ll accommodate multiple kinds of input. See the Guidelines for interactions to learn how users can interact with your app by using Cortana, Speech, Touch interactions, the Touch keyboard and more. Or, see the Guidelines for text and text input for more traditional interaction experiences.

Add services

• Use cloud services to sync across devices.
• Learn how to connect to web services to support your app experience.
• Include Push notifications and in-app purchases in your planning. These features should work across devices.

Submit your app to the Store

Partner Center lets you manage and submit all of your apps for Windows devices in one place. See Publish Windows apps and games to learn how to submit your apps for publication in the Microsoft Store.

New features simplify processes while giving you more control. You’ll also find detailed analytic reports combined payout details, ways to promote your app and engage with your customers, and much more.

More advanced topics

• Learn how to use User Activities so that user activity in your app appear in Windows Timeline and Cortana’s Pick Up Where I Left Off feature.
• Learn how to use Tiles, badges, and notifications for UWP apps.
• For the full list of Win32 APIs available to UWP apps, see API Sets for UWP apps and Dlls for UWP apps.
• See Universal Windows apps in .NET for an overview of writing .NET UWP apps.
• For a list of .NET types that you can use in a UWP app, see .NET for UWP apps
• Compiling apps with .NET Native
• Learn how to add modern experiences for Windows 10 users to your existing desktop app and distribute it in the Microsoft Store with the Desktop Bridge.

How the Universal Windows Platform relates to Windows Runtime APIs

If you’re building a Universal Windows Platform (UWP) app, then you can get a lot of mileage and convenience out of treating the terms «Universal Windows Platform (UWP)» and «Windows Runtime (WinRT)» as more or less synonymous. But it is possible to look under the covers of the technology, and determine just what the difference is between those ideas. If you’re curious about that, then this last section is for you.

The Windows Runtime, and WinRT APIs, are an evolution of Windows APIs. Originally, Windows was programmed via flat, C-style Win32 APIs. To those were added COM APIs (DirectX being a prominent example). Windows Forms, WPF, .NET, and managed languages brought their own way of writing Windows apps, and their own flavor of API technology. The Windows Runtime is, under the covers, the next stage of COM. At the actual application binary interface (ABI) layer, its roots in COM become visible. But the Windows Runtime was designed to be callable from a great range of different programming languages. And callable in a way that’s very natural to each of those languages. To this end, access to the Windows Runtime is made available via what are known as language projections. There is a Windows Runtime language projection into C#, into Visual Basic, into standard C++, into JavaScript, and so on. Furthermore, once packaged appropriately (see Desktop Bridge), you can call WinRT APIs from an app built in one of a great range of application models: Win32, .NET, WinForms, and WPF.

And, of course, you can call WinRT APIs from your UWP app. UWP is an application model built on top of the Windows Runtime. Technically, the UWP application model is based on CoreApplication, although that detail may be hidden from you, depending on your choice of programming language. As this topic has explained, from a value proposition point of view, the UWP lends itself to writing a single binary that can, should you choose, be published to the Microsoft Store and run on any one of a great range of device form factors. The device reach of your UWP app depends on the subset of Windows Runtime APIs that you limit your app to calling, or that you call conditionally.

Hopefully, this section has been successful in describing the difference between the technology underlying Windows Runtime APIs, and the mechanism and business value of the Universal Windows Platform.