Mysql on linux centos

The MySQL Yum repository for Oracle Linux, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS, and Fedora provides RPM packages for installing the MySQL server, client, MySQL Workbench, MySQL Utilities, MySQL Router, MySQL Shell, Connector/ODBC, Connector/Python and so on (not all packages are available for all the distributions; see Installing Additional MySQL Products and Components with Yum for details).

Before You Start

As a popular, open-source software, MySQL, in its original or re-packaged form, is widely installed on many systems from various sources, including different software download sites, software repositories, and so on. The following instructions assume that MySQL is not already installed on your system using a third-party-distributed RPM package; if that is not the case, follow the instructions given in Section 2.11.7, “Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL Yum Repository” or Replacing a Third-Party Distribution of MySQL Using the MySQL Yum Repository.

Steps for a Fresh Installation of MySQL

Follow the steps below to install the latest GA version of MySQL with the MySQL Yum repository:

Adding the MySQL Yum Repository

First, add the MySQL Yum repository to your system’s repository list. This is a one-time operation, which can be performed by installing an RPM provided by MySQL. Follow these steps:

Go to the Download MySQL Yum Repository page (https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/repo/yum/) in the MySQL Developer Zone.

Select and download the release package for your platform.

Install the downloaded release package with the following command, replacing platform-and-version-specific-package-name with the name of the downloaded RPM package:

For an EL6-based system, the command is in the form of:

For an EL7-based system:

For an EL8-based system:

The installation command adds the MySQL Yum repository to your system’s repository list and downloads the GnuPG key to check the integrity of the software packages. See Section 2.1.4.2, “Signature Checking Using GnuPG” for details on GnuPG key checking.

You can check that the MySQL Yum repository has been successfully added by the following command (for dnf-enabled systems, replace yum in the command with dnf ):

Once the MySQL Yum repository is enabled on your system, any system-wide update by the yum update command (or dnf upgrade for dnf-enabled systems) upgrades MySQL packages on your system and replaces any native third-party packages, if Yum finds replacements for them in the MySQL Yum repository; see Section 2.11.7, “Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL Yum Repository”, for a discussion on some possible effects of that on your system, see Upgrading the Shared Client Libraries.

Selecting a Release Series

When using the MySQL Yum repository, the latest GA series (currently MySQL 8.0) is selected for installation by default. If this is what you want, you can skip to the next step, Installing MySQL.

Within the MySQL Yum repository, different release series of the MySQL Community Server are hosted in different subrepositories. The subrepository for the latest GA series (currently MySQL 8.0) is enabled by default, and the subrepositories for all other series (for example, the MySQL 8.0 series) are disabled by default. Use this command to see all the subrepositories in the MySQL Yum repository, and see which of them are enabled or disabled (for dnf-enabled systems, replace yum in the command with dnf ):

To install the latest release from the latest GA series, no configuration is needed. To install the latest release from a specific series other than the latest GA series, disable the subrepository for the latest GA series and enable the subrepository for the specific series before running the installation command. If your platform supports yum-config-manager , you can do that by issuing these commands, which disable the subrepository for the 5.7 series and enable the one for the 8.0 series:

For dnf-enabled platforms:

Besides using yum-config-manager or the dnf config-manager command, you can also select a release series by editing manually the /etc/yum.repos.d/mysql-community.repo file. This is a typical entry for a release series’ subrepository in the file:

Find the entry for the subrepository you want to configure, and edit the enabled option. Specify enabled=0 to disable a subrepository, or enabled=1 to enable a subrepository. For example, to install MySQL 8.0, make sure you have enabled=0 for the above subrepository entry for MySQL 5.7, and have enabled=1 for the entry for the 8.0 series:

You should only enable subrepository for one release series at any time. When subrepositories for more than one release series are enabled, Yum uses the latest series.

Verify that the correct subrepositories have been enabled and disabled by running the following command and checking its output (for dnf-enabled systems, replace yum in the command with dnf ):

Disabling the Default MySQL Module

(EL8 systems only) EL8-based systems such as RHEL8 and Oracle Linux 8 include a MySQL module that is enabled by default. Unless this module is disabled, it masks packages provided by MySQL repositories. To disable the included module and make the MySQL repository packages visible, use the following command (for dnf-enabled systems, replace yum in the command with dnf ):

Installing MySQL

Install MySQL by the following command (for dnf-enabled systems, replace yum in the command with dnf ):

This installs the package for MySQL server ( mysql-community-server ) and also packages for the components required to run the server, including packages for the client ( mysql-community-client ), the common error messages and character sets for client and server ( mysql-community-common ), and the shared client libraries ( mysql-community-libs ).

Starting the MySQL Server

Start the MySQL server with the following command:

You can check the status of the MySQL server with the following command:

If the operating system is systemd enabled, standard systemctl (or alternatively, service with the arguments reversed) commands such as stop , start , status , and restart should be used to manage the MySQL server service. The mysqld service is enabled by default, and it starts at system reboot. See Section 2.5.9, “Managing MySQL Server with systemd” for additional information.

At the initial start up of the server, the following happens, given that the data directory of the server is empty:

The server is initialized.

SSL certificate and key files are generated in the data directory.

validate_password is installed and enabled.

A superuser account ‘root’@’localhost is created. A password for the superuser is set and stored in the error log file. To reveal it, use the following command:

Change the root password as soon as possible by logging in with the generated, temporary password and set a custom password for the superuser account:

validate_password is installed by default. The default password policy implemented by validate_password requires that passwords contain at least one uppercase letter, one lowercase letter, one digit, and one special character, and that the total password length is at least 8 characters.

For more information on the postinstallation procedures, see Section 2.10, “Postinstallation Setup and Testing”.

Compatibility Information for EL7-based platforms: The following RPM packages from the native software repositories of the platforms are incompatible with the package from the MySQL Yum repository that installs the MySQL server. Once you have installed MySQL using the MySQL Yum repository, you cannot install these packages (and vice versa).

Installing Additional MySQL Products and Components with Yum

You can use Yum to install and manage individual components of MySQL. Some of these components are hosted in sub-repositories of the MySQL Yum repository: for example, the MySQL Connectors are to be found in the MySQL Connectors Community sub-repository, and the MySQL Workbench in MySQL Tools Community. You can use the following command to list the packages for all the MySQL components available for your platform from the MySQL Yum repository (for dnf-enabled systems, replace yum in the command with dnf ):

Install any packages of your choice with the following command, replacing package-name with name of the package (for dnf-enabled systems, replace yum in the command with dnf ):

For example, to install MySQL Workbench on Fedora:

To install the shared client libraries (for dnf-enabled systems, replace yum in the command with dnf ):

Platform Specific Notes

ARM 64-bit (aarch64) is supported on Oracle Linux 7 and requires the Oracle Linux 7 Software Collections Repository (ol7_software_collections). For example, to install the server:

ARM 64-bit (aarch64) is supported on Oracle Linux 7 as of MySQL 8.0.12.

The 8.0.12 release requires you to adjust the libstdc++7 path by executing ln -s /opt/oracle/oracle-armtoolset-1/root/usr/lib64 /usr/lib64/gcc7 after executing the yum install step.

Updating MySQL with Yum

Besides installation, you can also perform updates for MySQL products and components using the MySQL Yum repository. See Section 2.11.7, “Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL Yum Repository” for details.

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Установка MySQL в CentOS 8

MySQL – это открытая система управления базами данных, которая является частью стека LEMP(Linux, Nginx, MySQL, PHP/Python/Perl). Для управления данными реляционная система MySQL использует SQL (Structured Query Language).

Данный мануал поможет установить версию MySQL 8 на сервер CentOS 8.

Требования

Для работы вам понадобится сервер CentOS 8 с пользователем sudo и настроенным брандмауэром firewalld. Все необходимые инструкции можно найти в мануале по начальной настройке сервера.

1: Установка MySQL

В системе CentOS 8 пакеты MySQL 8 можно найти в стандартном репозитории.

Чтобы установить пакет mysql-server и ряд зависимостей, введите следующую команду:

sudo dnf install mysql-server

По запросу нажмите y и Enter, чтобы продолжить.

. . .
Install 49 Packages
Total download size: 46 M
Installed size: 252 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y

Система MySQL теперь установлена на ваш сервер, но пока еще она не работает. Установленный вами пакет настраивает MySQL в качестве сервиса systemd, который называется mysqld.service. Вам нужно запустить этот сервис с помощью этой команды:

sudo systemctl start mysqld.service

Чтобы убедиться, что сервис работает правильно, запустите следующую команду. Обратите внимание: большинство команд systemctl, в том числе start и status, не требуют включать .service в имя файла.

sudo systemctl status mysqld

Если сервис MySQL успешно запустился, в выводе вы увидите:

mysqld.service — MySQL 8.0 database server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Thu 2020-03-12 14:07:41 UTC; 1min 7s ago
Main PID: 15723 (mysqld)
Status: «Server is operational»
Tasks: 38 (limit: 5056)
Memory: 474.2M
CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service
└─15723 /usr/libexec/mysqld —basedir=/usr
Mar 12 14:07:32 cent-mysql-3 systemd[1]: Starting MySQL 8.0 database server.
Mar 12 14:07:32 cent-mysql-3 mysql-prepare-db-dir[15639]: Initializing MySQL database
Mar 12 14:07:41 cent-mysql-3 systemd[1]: Started MySQL 8.0 database server.

Затем добавьте MySQL в автозагрузку, чтобы сервис запускался вместе с вашим сервером.

sudo systemctl enable mysqld

Примечание: Если в будущем вы захотите удалить MySQL из автозагрузки, вы можете использовать команду:

sudo systemctl disable mysqld

Итак, теперь MySQL запущен и работает на вашем сервере. Теперь давайте повысим безопасность СУБД.

2: Защита MySQL

MySQL предлагает встроенный сценарий безопасности, который изменит некоторые параметры по умолчанию и заблокирует удалённый root-логин.

Запустите этот сценарий:

После этого сценарий задаст вам ряд вопросов. Сначала он предложит настроить Validate Password Plugin, который проверяет надежность вашего пароля.

Если вы решите настроить Validate Password Plugin, сценарий предложит выбрать уровень валидации пароля. Наивысший уровень можно включить, нажав 2; при этом ваш пароль должен будет включать минимум 8 символов, среди которых должны быть буквы в верхнем и нижнем регистре, цифры и специальные символы.

Securing the MySQL server deployment.
Connecting to MySQL using a blank password.
VALIDATE PASSWORD COMPONENT can be used to test passwords
and improve security. It checks the strength of password
and allows the users to set only those passwords which are
secure enough. Would you like to setup VALIDATE PASSWORD component?
Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No: Y
There are three levels of password validation policy:
LOW Length >= 8
MEDIUM Length >= 8, numeric, mixed case, and special characters
STRONG Length >= 8, numeric, mixed case, special characters and dictionary file
Please enter 0 = LOW, 1 = MEDIUM and 2 = STRONG: 2

После Validate Password Plugin сценарий предложит выбрать root-пароль MySQL. Введите надежный пароль и подтвердите его:

Please set the password for root here.
New password:
Re-enter new password:

Если вы включили Validate Password Plugin, сценарий оценит сложность вашего пароля согласно выбранному уровню. После этого сценарий уточнит, хотите ли вы оставить этот пароль или выбрать новый. Чтобы продолжить работу, не меняя пароль, нажмите у:

Estimated strength of the password: 100
Do you wish to continue with the password provided?(Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : Y

В остальных случаях вы можете просто нажать Y и Enter, чтобы принять данные по умолчанию. Сценарий удалит анонимных пользователей и тестовую базу данных, отключит удаленный root логин и обновит правила, чтобы MySQL сразу же работал с новыми настройками.

Теперь ваш экземпляр MySQL использует безопасные параметры. Осталось убедиться, что MySQL работает должным образом.

3: Тестирование MySQL

Чтобы проверить работу вашей СУБД, попробуйте подключиться к MySQL с помощью инструмента mysqladmin. Это клиент, предназначенный для запуска команд администрирования.

Чтобы подключиться к MySQL как root (-u root), ввести пароль (-p) и запросить версию, введите команду:

mysqladmin -u root -p version

Эта команда вернет:

mysqladmin Ver 8.0.17 for Linux on x86_64 (Source distribution)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Server version 8.0.17
Protocol version 10
Connection Localhost via UNIX socket
UNIX socket /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
Uptime: 2 hours 52 min 37 sec
Threads: 2 Questions: 20 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 131 Flush tables: 3 Open tables: 48 Queries per second avg: 0.001

Если команда вывела на экран такой результат, значит, установка MySQL прошла успешно.

Чтобы подключиться к MySQL и приступить к работе с данными, введите:

Как и предыдущая команда mysqladmin, эта команда включает флаг –u, который позволяет указать пользователя, с помощью которого вы хотите подключиться (в данном случае это root), и флаг –p, который запрашивает пароль этого пользователя.

Введите свой пароль, после чего ваша командная строка изменится:

Заключение

Теперь вы умеете выполнять базовую установку и настройку MySQL.

Читайте также:

Много полезной информации о MySQL вы найдете в официальной документации.

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