Linux kernel release 5.x В¶
These are the release notes for Linux version 5. Read them carefully, as they tell you what this is all about, explain how to install the kernel, and what to do if something goes wrong.
What is Linux?В¶
Linux is a clone of the operating system Unix, written from scratch by Linus Torvalds with assistance from a loosely-knit team of hackers across the Net. It aims towards POSIX and Single UNIX Specification compliance.
It has all the features you would expect in a modern fully-fledged Unix, including true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand loading, shared copy-on-write executables, proper memory management, and multistack networking including IPv4 and IPv6.
It is distributed under the GNU General Public License v2 — see the accompanying COPYING file for more details.
On what hardware does it run?В¶
Although originally developed first for 32-bit x86-based PCs (386 or higher), today Linux also runs on (at least) the Compaq Alpha AXP, Sun SPARC and UltraSPARC, Motorola 68000, PowerPC, PowerPC64, ARM, Hitachi SuperH, Cell, IBM S/390, MIPS, HP PA-RISC, Intel IA-64, DEC VAX, AMD x86-64 Xtensa, and ARC architectures.
Linux is easily portable to most general-purpose 32- or 64-bit architectures as long as they have a paged memory management unit (PMMU) and a port of the GNU C compiler (gcc) (part of The GNU Compiler Collection, GCC). Linux has also been ported to a number of architectures without a PMMU, although functionality is then obviously somewhat limited. Linux has also been ported to itself. You can now run the kernel as a userspace application — this is called UserMode Linux (UML).
Documentation¶
- There is a lot of documentation available both in electronic form on the Internet and in books, both Linux-specific and pertaining to general UNIX questions. I’d recommend looking into the documentation subdirectories on any Linux FTP site for the LDP (Linux Documentation Project) books. This README is not meant to be documentation on the system: there are much better sources available.
- There are various README files in the Documentation/ subdirectory: these typically contain kernel-specific installation notes for some drivers for example. Please read the Documentation/process/changes.rst file, as it contains information about the problems, which may result by upgrading your kernel.
Installing the kernel source¶
If you install the full sources, put the kernel tarball in a directory where you have permissions (e.g. your home directory) and unpack it:
Replace “X” with the version number of the latest kernel.
Do NOT use the /usr/src/linux area! This area has a (usually incomplete) set of kernel headers that are used by the library header files. They should match the library, and not get messed up by whatever the kernel-du-jour happens to be.
You can also upgrade between 5.x releases by patching. Patches are distributed in the xz format. To install by patching, get all the newer patch files, enter the top level directory of the kernel source (linux-5.x) and execute:
Replace “x” for all versions bigger than the version “x” of your current source tree, in_order, and you should be ok. You may want to remove the backup files (some-file-name
or some-file-name.orig), and make sure that there are no failed patches (some-file-name# or some-file-name.rej). If there are, either you or I have made a mistake.
Unlike patches for the 5.x kernels, patches for the 5.x.y kernels (also known as the -stable kernels) are not incremental but instead apply directly to the base 5.x kernel. For example, if your base kernel is 5.0 and you want to apply the 5.0.3 patch, you must not first apply the 5.0.1 and 5.0.2 patches. Similarly, if you are running kernel version 5.0.2 and want to jump to 5.0.3, you must first reverse the 5.0.2 patch (that is, patch -R) before applying the 5.0.3 patch. You can read more on this in Documentation/process/applying-patches.rst .
Alternatively, the script patch-kernel can be used to automate this process. It determines the current kernel version and applies any patches found:
The first argument in the command above is the location of the kernel source. Patches are applied from the current directory, but an alternative directory can be specified as the second argument.
Make sure you have no stale .o files and dependencies lying around:
You should now have the sources correctly installed.
Software requirements¶
Build directory for the kernel¶
When compiling the kernel, all output files will per default be stored together with the kernel source code. Using the option make O=output/dir allows you to specify an alternate place for the output files (including .config). Example:
To configure and build the kernel, use:
Please note: If the O=output/dir option is used, then it must be used for all invocations of make.
Configuring the kernel¶
Alternative configuration commands are:
You can find more information on using the Linux kernel config tools in Documentation/kbuild/kconfig.rst.
NOTES on make config :
- Having unnecessary drivers will make the kernel bigger, and can under some circumstances lead to problems: probing for a nonexistent controller card may confuse your other controllers.
- A kernel with math-emulation compiled in will still use the coprocessor if one is present: the math emulation will just never get used in that case. The kernel will be slightly larger, but will work on different machines regardless of whether they have a math coprocessor or not.
- The “kernel hacking” configuration details usually result in a bigger or slower kernel (or both), and can even make the kernel less stable by configuring some routines to actively try to break bad code to find kernel problems ( kmalloc() ). Thus you should probably answer вЂn’ to the questions for “development”, “experimental”, or “debugging” features.
Compiling the kernel¶
Make sure you have at least gcc 4.9 available. For more information, refer to Documentation/process/changes.rst .
Please note that you can still run a.out user programs with this kernel.
Do a make to create a compressed kernel image. It is also possible to do make install if you have lilo installed to suit the kernel makefiles, but you may want to check your particular lilo setup first.
To do the actual install, you have to be root, but none of the normal build should require that. Don’t take the name of root in vain.
If you configured any of the parts of the kernel as modules , you will also have to do make modules_install .
Verbose kernel compile/build output:
Normally, the kernel build system runs in a fairly quiet mode (but not totally silent). However, sometimes you or other kernel developers need to see compile, link, or other commands exactly as they are executed. For this, use “verbose” build mode. This is done by passing V=1 to the make command, e.g.:
To have the build system also tell the reason for the rebuild of each target, use V=2 . The default is V=0 .
Keep a backup kernel handy in case something goes wrong. This is especially true for the development releases, since each new release contains new code which has not been debugged. Make sure you keep a backup of the modules corresponding to that kernel, as well. If you are installing a new kernel with the same version number as your working kernel, make a backup of your modules directory before you do a make modules_install .
Alternatively, before compiling, use the kernel config option “LOCALVERSION” to append a unique suffix to the regular kernel version. LOCALVERSION can be set in the “General Setup” menu.
In order to boot your new kernel, you’ll need to copy the kernel image (e.g. …/linux/arch/x86/boot/bzImage after compilation) to the place where your regular bootable kernel is found.
Booting a kernel directly from a floppy without the assistance of a bootloader such as LILO, is no longer supported.
If you boot Linux from the hard drive, chances are you use LILO, which uses the kernel image as specified in the file /etc/lilo.conf. The kernel image file is usually /vmlinuz, /boot/vmlinuz, /bzImage or /boot/bzImage. To use the new kernel, save a copy of the old image and copy the new image over the old one. Then, you MUST RERUN LILO to update the loading map! If you don’t, you won’t be able to boot the new kernel image.
Reinstalling LILO is usually a matter of running /sbin/lilo. You may wish to edit /etc/lilo.conf to specify an entry for your old kernel image (say, /vmlinux.old) in case the new one does not work. See the LILO docs for more information.
After reinstalling LILO, you should be all set. Shutdown the system, reboot, and enjoy!
If you ever need to change the default root device, video mode, ramdisk size, etc. in the kernel image, use the rdev program (or alternatively the LILO boot options when appropriate). No need to recompile the kernel to change these parameters.
Reboot with the new kernel and enjoy.
If something goes wrong¶
If you have problems that seem to be due to kernel bugs, please check the file MAINTAINERS to see if there is a particular person associated with the part of the kernel that you are having trouble with. If there isn’t anyone listed there, then the second best thing is to mail them to me (torvalds @ linux-foundation . org), and possibly to any other relevant mailing-list or to the newsgroup.
In all bug-reports, please tell what kernel you are talking about, how to duplicate the problem, and what your setup is (use your common sense). If the problem is new, tell me so, and if the problem is old, please try to tell me when you first noticed it.
If the bug results in a message like:
or similar kernel debugging information on your screen or in your system log, please duplicate it exactly. The dump may look incomprehensible to you, but it does contain information that may help debugging the problem. The text above the dump is also important: it tells something about why the kernel dumped code (in the above example, it’s due to a bad kernel pointer). More information on making sense of the dump is in Documentation/admin-guide/bug-hunting.rst
If you compiled the kernel with CONFIG_KALLSYMS you can send the dump as is, otherwise you will have to use the ksymoops program to make sense of the dump (but compiling with CONFIG_KALLSYMS is usually preferred). This utility can be downloaded from https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/ . Alternatively, you can do the dump lookup by hand:
In debugging dumps like the above, it helps enormously if you can look up what the EIP value means. The hex value as such doesn’t help me or anybody else very much: it will depend on your particular kernel setup. What you should do is take the hex value from the EIP line (ignore the 0010: ), and look it up in the kernel namelist to see which kernel function contains the offending address.
To find out the kernel function name, you’ll need to find the system binary associated with the kernel that exhibited the symptom. This is the file вЂlinux/vmlinux’. To extract the namelist and match it against the EIP from the kernel crash, do:
This will give you a list of kernel addresses sorted in ascending order, from which it is simple to find the function that contains the offending address. Note that the address given by the kernel debugging messages will not necessarily match exactly with the function addresses (in fact, that is very unlikely), so you can’t just вЂgrep’ the list: the list will, however, give you the starting point of each kernel function, so by looking for the function that has a starting address lower than the one you are searching for but is followed by a function with a higher address you will find the one you want. In fact, it may be a good idea to include a bit of “context” in your problem report, giving a few lines around the interesting one.
If you for some reason cannot do the above (you have a pre-compiled kernel image or similar), telling me as much about your setup as possible will help. Please read the admin-guide/reporting-bugs.rst document for details.
Alternatively, you can use gdb on a running kernel. (read-only; i.e. you cannot change values or set break points.) To do this, first compile the kernel with -g; edit arch/x86/Makefile appropriately, then do a make clean . You’ll also need to enable CONFIG_PROC_FS (via make config ).
After you’ve rebooted with the new kernel, do gdb vmlinux /proc/kcore . You can now use all the usual gdb commands. The command to look up the point where your system crashed is l *0xXXXXXXXX . (Replace the XXXes with the EIP value.)
gdb’ing a non-running kernel currently fails because gdb (wrongly) disregards the starting offset for which the kernel is compiled.
© Copyright The kernel development community
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The kernel’s command-line parametersВ¶
The following is a consolidated list of the kernel parameters as implemented by the __setup(), core_param() and module_param() macros and sorted into English Dictionary order (defined as ignoring all punctuation and sorting digits before letters in a case insensitive manner), and with descriptions where known.
The kernel parses parameters from the kernel command line up to “–”; if it doesn’t recognize a parameter and it doesn’t contain a ‘.’, the parameter gets passed to init: parameters with ‘=’ go into init’s environment, others are passed as command line arguments to init. Everything after “–” is passed as an argument to init.
Module parameters can be specified in two ways: via the kernel command line with a module name prefix, or via modprobe, e.g.:
Parameters for modules which are built into the kernel need to be specified on the kernel command line. modprobe looks through the kernel command line (/proc/cmdline) and collects module parameters when it loads a module, so the kernel command line can be used for loadable modules too.
Hyphens (dashes) and underscores are equivalent in parameter names, so:
can also be entered as:
Double-quotes can be used to protect spaces in values, e.g.:
cpu lists:В¶
Some kernel parameters take a list of CPUs as a value, e.g. isolcpus, nohz_full, irqaffinity, rcu_nocbs. The format of this list is:
Note that for the special case of a range one can split the range into equal sized groups and for each group use some amount from the beginning of that group:
For example one can add to the command line following parameter:
where the final item represents CPUs 100,101,125,126,150,151.
This document may not be entirely up to date and comprehensive. The command “modinfo -p $
The parameters listed below are only valid if certain kernel build options were enabled and if respective hardware is present. The text in square brackets at the beginning of each description states the restrictions within which a parameter is applicable:
In addition, the following text indicates that the option:
Parameters denoted with BOOT are actually interpreted by the boot loader, and have no meaning to the kernel directly. Do not modify the syntax of boot loader parameters without extreme need or coordination with .
There are also arch-specific kernel-parameters not documented here. See for example .
Note that ALL kernel parameters listed below are CASE SENSITIVE, and that a trailing = on the name of any parameter states that that parameter will be entered as an environment variable, whereas its absence indicates that it will appear as a kernel argument readable via /proc/cmdline by programs running once the system is up.
The number of kernel parameters is not limited, but the length of the complete command line (parameters including spaces etc.) is limited to a fixed number of characters. This limit depends on the architecture and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file ./include/asm/setup.h as COMMAND_LINE_SIZE.
Finally, the [KMG] suffix is commonly described after a number of kernel parameter values. These ‘K’, ‘M’, and ‘G’ letters represent the _binary_ multipliers ‘Kilo’, ‘Mega’, and ‘Giga’, equaling 2^10, 2^20, and 2^30 bytes respectively. Such letter suffixes can also be entirely omitted:
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