Plastic Windows & Doors

Leitz Precision Tools

For the professional production of plastic windows and doors

Trends in the production of plastic window and door frames are placing ever higher demands on machining tools. Lacquered, laminated or acrylic-coated surfaces, additional insulating materials or fibre-glass reinforced structures demand the highest quality and performance of the tool systems used.

Through the combination of knowledge of plastics processing and its vast experience of the processes and requirements in window and door production, Leitz is the ideal partner for manufacturing companies of all types and sizes.

Leitz offers an extensive range of different circular sawblades for sawing plastic window elements, whether for thin-walled, coated or uncoated window elements. The Leitz range of circular sawblades offers numerous advantages, such as high cutting quality, low noise development or reduced set-up times – always with the aim of keeping machining times and costs as low as possible.

For the milling or boring of plastic window elements, Leitz offers a wide range of tool solutions in its standard range, which are primarily designed to achieve perfect cutting results with minimum production times.

Cutting is usually carried out with special circular sawblades or milling tools. The Leitz tool programme offers different solutions depending on the requirements and material properties. Through this programme, users can achieve perfect results.

There are various tool technologies available for finishing the welding beads on the outer corners of plastic profiles. On the one hand, finishing can be carried out with a CNC-controlled circular sawblade for welding beads and on the other, a specific set of tools adapted to the profile. Leitz offers optimum solutions in terms of productivity and quality for both applications.

The visible surfaces of plastic profiles are optimized by the clean cutting of the welding beads. Leitz offers special rounded knives to protect the material surface.

Plastic windows and doors in your interior

In modern construction are increasingly being used plastic windows and doors. This is connected not only with the speed and ease of installation, but with the high performance products. Plastic frames do not miss the cold, design can be equipped with modern double-glazed sealed, due to which in the house is warm and cozy.

Why choose plastic construction?

Plastic windows, doors, Other construction PVC gained popularity in many areas of construction. They are used for the design of winter gardens, glazing of balconies and loggias, set in a residential, office and warehouse space. A variety of products allows you to choose the right price and quality, use designs can be in any climate.

• Plastic is resistant to all weather conditions. He does not crack from the impact of changes in temperature, not afraid of extreme cold, impervious to heat.
• Material useful in caring, because it does not require any maintenance. The only thing, that is required to do — is to lubricate fittings and sometimes customize it, then the plastic windows and doors will serve you for a long time, and the house appears drafts.
• The main advantage of plastic designs compared, eg, wood analogues is resistance to moisture. The material does not absorb it completely and does not deteriorate. PVC does not rot, It does not require any treatment against parasites and pests, it does not form rust, as metal doors.
• special attention should be paid to the tightness. By selecting the appropriate thickness glazing (The more cameras, the better it retains heat and noise insulated), you will be able to provide a comfortable temperature in the room. In winter the warm air will be contained within, and you will save on heating, Summer in the room will reign cool.

For the southern regions and the middle band is enough to use triple-pane windows. For colder climates suitable design with three and more cameras.

If your windows face the noisy street, silence can provide a thick glazing. Plastic frame fit better for him, than wood, since it is a good insulator of heat and noise.

structural mass is relatively small. Easier only aluminum, but the latter, usually, not able to restrain heat, so is only suitable as a cold glass.

Plastic windows and doors durable: their lifespan exceeds 50 years old. The main problem could be the failure of hardware, its individual wear mechanisms, but these elements easily be replaced, there is such a cheap procedure. You can hold her own; Hardware is more qualitative 20 years old.

Design selection

Plastic windows and doors are fitted with seals, leaf tightly to the frame, due to this tightness is achieved. The room does not get cool air, appears drafts.

An important advantage of the construction of PVC is the ability to create products, practically limited in shape or size. Colour profile It may be any, outer and inner sides may differ Clerk, Besides, it is possible to select a profile under the tree. It has a similar structure with a natural material, pleasant to the touch, It is almost identical in color. This solution is suitable for most interior, harmoniously fit into a residential or office space.

The shape of windows and doors can also be any, namely PVC create unusual structure, eg, round window, oversized door of irregular shape. Plastic construction may differ opening mechanism: they are swing-out or sliding, it’s comfortable, it is not always enough space in the room for swing leaf doors or windows. The door can be arch type or continuous. It can be made hollow or equipped with glass, other decorative elements.

In a separate paragraph is to provide a choice glazing strength, because special hardened available for plastic doors, shockproof and even armored glass, however, You can install them on windows.

Reliability and safety

Metal-plastic windows and the door will be a reliable protection of your home, shop or office and from intruders. Thanks to a special anti-burglary accessories, glasses of high strength construction becomes practically inaccessible for burglars, open it from the street will not work, even using special tools, such, as scrap and Bulgarian.

Plastic windows, doors can protect your child and, if you set them accessories, with the child lock function. A child can not open the flap on their own and fall out of the window, or pinch your fingers. In this case, you can use the mode of ventilation, in which the window will be fixed in a predetermined position.

Scope plastic constructions

Plastic windows, doors are widely used to create various designs.
PVC eliminates the need for further care window or door, since it is not required to process each year, apply nail polish, paint. Paint the design can be solely of the design change considerations.

Plastic constructions are used not only in homes and offices. But even in those places, where attention is paid to safety and environmental protection: this hospital, kindergartens, school. PVC doors can be used as interior or input. They do not attract dust and dirt, Plastic is easy to wash any cleaning agents, using only a soft sponge.

All designs are usually made to order for your desired Custom Size. Manufacturing takes no more than two days. The installation can be carried out independently, Having some knowledge in this area, and instruct professionals.

Plastic windows and doors are competitive and convenient solution for any room. they are versatile, unpretentious, have an affordable price, decent appearance.

Views and parts of plastic windows.

Reading time: 14 minutes

Plastic windows are made in a very wide variety of design options. They differ in shape, size, number of leaves, the way they open, the type of glass and profile features. Also, windows can be very interesting to decorate, both on glass and on the frame. There are completely innovative designs that can independently determine how much light to pass into the room, changing the level of transparency.

What are the types of plastic windows and what to focus on when choosing them, you will learn from this article. The window is not installed for one year, it is still worth a lot, so the design option must be carefully considered, consulted with the wizards involved in installing windows, professional builders and people whose houses have windows installed earlier and they have some experience in using them. Often you like the design are not too comfortable to use, or too expensive.

1. Types of PVC windows by the number of shutters
2. What are the windows depending on the method of opening the valves
3. Varieties of windows depending on the profile design
4. How do windows by type of glass
5. Variety of window shapes
6. Options for decorating windows

Types of PVC windows by the number of shutters

Features of the material of the frame and double-glazed windows allow you to produce plastic windows with any number of shutters. Most often one, two or three-leaved. The option is determined by the installation site, the exterior of the house and the size of the window.

If the window is small, somewhere in the range of 1.5 x 1m, then one sash will be quite enough.

Larger windows should be equipped with two doors.

Three are equipped with wide and high windows, the area of ​​which allows the use of fairly large double-glazed windows. The fact is that the design features of plastic windows require fairly massive vertical struts between the doors, especially opening ones.

In the case of three double-glazed windows, two racks take up to 10% of the total area of ​​the glazing, if the doors are larger, then the racks are larger, which means that the window’s light transmission capacity will decrease and its weight will increase without a special increase in functionality and design improvement.

The best option for standard windows in the apartment — two doors. But the appearance of the facade can be imposed certain restrictions urban planning norms, especially if the windows overlook the historic or central streets. In this case, the number of valves is regulated and no changes can be made without the permission of the relevant authorities.

What are the windows depending on the method of opening the valves

By selecting the number of wings, you can determine the options for opening them. Window designers offer a fairly wide range of options and their combinations.

The simplest window is deaf. The double-glazed window is fixed motionless in the frame. In terms of functionality, this is the most inconvenient window. Although it transmits a maximum of light and retains the greatest amount of heat, it is quite difficult to wash it outside. Even the first floor will require a stepladder or prefabricated forest. But in most double-wing windows, one of them may be deaf, but the second must be pivotal.

Swivel doors can be opened exclusively inside the house on a vertical axis. These can be both doors in a double casement window, or two side doors in a three-leaved window. This option is quite convenient if there are a lot of windows in the house and folding or tilt-and-turn opening mechanisms are installed on one or two of them. In this case, there are no problems with the washing of windows, or with the ventilation of rooms.

Flaps — only partially open by displacing the upper part inward, while the lower crossbar is fixed on the horizontal axis. The opening angle is determined by the built-in stops. It is very convenient for airing the room, an uncomplicated mechanism, which reduces the cost of construction. But it is desirable to install such doors together with turning ones — it will be easier to wash them.

Combined or tilt and turn equipped with sophisticated fittings, allowing both to flip the upper part of the sash, and open it into the room on a vertical axis. It all depends on the position of the control knob on the window. Some windows are equipped with a slit ventilation mechanism. These windows are the most expensive and are installed in combination with pivoting or folding, to reduce the cost of the entire project.

Varieties of windows depending on the profile design

Having learned what kind of plastic windows are by the way of opening, it is necessary to obtain information about the type of profile they are made of. It has a very large impact on both the operational properties of the window and its price.

The main material for the production of metal windows is polyvinyl chloride — a polymer based on chlorine and ethylene, with the addition of plasticizers, modifiers and stabilizing agents. After melting the powdered raw material, the resulting mass is pressed and the walls of the future profile are formed — the main component of the window frame.

After obtaining a complicated configuration of the part surface, an “P” -shaped metal profile or a square shaped tube is inserted inside it and the whole structure is glued together with a heat-soldering metol. Modifiers and stabilizers transform polyvinyl chloride into a material resistant to mechanical stress, chemically inert, incombustible, and not subject to ultraviolet radiation.

If pigment is added to raw materials, the profile will turn out not white, but any given color. As a result of all operations, a rectangular or trapezoidal tubular structure is obtained, inside of which there are from three to seven longitudinal isolated cavities. The reinforcing metal profile is located in the central cavity.

In the manufacture of window frames, the profile is cut into pieces of the required length and connected by gluing or welding in a rectangular or other spatial structure. The outer part of the frame is cut from above and below, connecting the first external cavity “chamber” with the external atmosphere — the holes serve for ventilation and condensate drainage. The remaining chambers are sealed and not connected with each other or with the external environment.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has a sufficiently low thermal conductivity to be considered a good insulating material. But the presence of air-filled chambers inside the structure increases energy-saving properties several more times. The more such chambers, the lower the thermal conductivity of the window frame, the warmer it will be in the house.

Modern industry produces profiles for windows with the number of cameras from three to seven.

In middle latitudes, it is necessary to choose profiles not lower than five-chamber ones, with at least four internal cavities.

Three-compartment can be put in warmer regions or in unheated premises — warehouses, outbuildings, garages.

Six and seven-chamber profiles are characterized by increased mass, but do not give a sharp decrease in thermal conductivity. It is inexpedient to buy them — the windows are more expensive, but they are about the same in quality. It is better to install a wider glass unit — there will be more gain in heat protection.

With an equal number of chambers, for windows it is necessary to use a profile with an outer wall thickness of at least 2.8 mm and an inner one — more than 2.5 mm. This profile type «A», designed for residential premises. Profiles «B» and «C» can be used only in industrial or technical premises where there are no special requirements for the microclimate.

Classic PVC panels of 3 chamber windows. Such metal-plastic windows combine the efficiency and functionality of glass packs . It is recommended to use objects with low-cost glazing.

This is a type of windows with a 4-chamber profile system. The best combination of price and quality. Four-chamber windows have improved thermal performance.

Five-chamber windows are the best energy-saving PVC profile. These windows and balconies with such a profile will reduce the cost of heating and air conditioning of the house or apartment. The best solution for low-energy buildings.

How do windows by type of glass

Glazing of plastic windows is carried out with the help of complex structures of two, three or four sheets of glass, fixed at a given distance from each other. The outer part is sealed. The resulting inside, between the panes, the cavities are called chambers.

Double-glazed windows installed on plastic windows can be:

• single chamber
• two-chamber
• three-chamber

Therefore, having learned that the window is of two or three-chambers, it is necessary to clarify which cameras are meant — in frames or double-glazed windows.

Single-chamber double-glazed windows

The thickness of the single-chamber glass unit (two sheets of glass and the cavity between them) is within 14–32 mm. The space between the glasses on the perimeter is closed by a metal strip that separates the glass and keeps them at a given distance — a spacer frame. In the section it can be seen that the frame is not a strip at all, but a “P” -shaped profile, directed by the open side inside the frame.

In the lower part of the frame there are holes of small diameter connecting the chamber and a special hermetic volume inside the frame in which the moisture absorber is filled. As a result of the action of the absorbent, the moisture from the chamber is almost completely removed and the window does not mist over at any outside temperature.

But single-chamber packages are considered obsolete. They are installed on windows that are not too critical in unheated rooms, on balconies, loggias, in shops, production rooms, etc. Residential buildings use more complex structures — two-chamber (three sheets of glass and two cavities between them). They are somewhat heavier than single-chamber ones, but in terms of efficiency, heat and sound insulation exceed them by almost half. In this case, the light transmission capacity of both structures is approximately the same.

Two-chamber double-glazed windows

When using glass with a thickness of 4 mm, the total installation depth of a two-chamber bag is from 30 to 58 mm. Often, manufacturers fill the chambers with argon, xenon or another inert gas, but this is justified only when using energy-saving i-coated glass.

If you are trying to sell more expensive inert gas-filled bags made of ordinary glass — do not fall for advertising tricks. At best, you will get a 1-2% reduction in thermal conductivity. When using I-glasses, the difference can reach 10 — 15% of the total heat-saving effect. This is already a pretty decent figure.

Compared with ordinary glass, double-glazed windows reduce street noise several times. In absolute terms, this is more than 45 dB. At the same time, the cost of such a package is not much higher than single-chamber.

Three-chamber windows

Buying windows with three-chamber packages is impractical, compared to two-chamber ones, it is heavier, and the level of heat saving and noise insulation increases slightly due to the decreasing width of the spacers.

Special features of a double-glazed window

The properties of the glazing unit largely depend on the properties of the glass. Leading manufacturers are constantly experimenting with glass, with the result that you can buy double-glazed windows:

Heat saving . The metallized film, invisible to the eye, is sprayed onto the glass and reflects the thermal part of the spectrum, passing all the visible rays simultaneously. The glass has excellent transparency and does not distort the colors, but does not allow the heat to penetrate inside in summer and in winter to leave the room in the form of infrared radiation.

Tinted . As a rule, glass is dyed at the production stage by adding metal oxides or other chemical compounds to the mixture. As a result, the window, while maintaining transparency, takes a very attractive, sometimes exotic look.

Impact resistant . Instead of the usual float glass, tempered or triplex is used. They do not differ in transparency, but much stronger. Most often installed on production facilities, in schools, in stores. It is convenient to install these windows on the lower floors, protecting the glass unit from an accidental impact or deliberate act of vandalism. Such glasses are completely safe, even when broken, they are scattered into rectangular pieces, unable to cause injury, or remain glued to a solid polymer film.

Noise protection . As a rule, they use several technological methods. In addition to the deposition of thin films, the chambers are filled with inert gases, and the thickness of the distance chambers is made different. As a result, sound vibrations are actively quenched, reflecting from intermediate surfaces. Compared with the usual two-chamber, noise insulation glass reduces the level of external noise by 20% more.

Mirrored . Such glass is produced in two ways — by sputtering a metallized or polymer film on the surface, or by adding metal oxides to the mass of glass during manufacture. In the second case, the color is extremely stable, and the amount of light entering the room is minimally reduced. The appearance of mirror glass is very interesting, you can choose different shades, from gold and silver, to emerald, bluish or pearl.

Variety of window shapes

In addition to standard rectangular and square windows, you can order designs of almost any configuration. It is only necessary to find a manufacturer who makes such windows — these are very complex products and many workshops that perfectly make standard windows do not even take up complicated ones. If triangular or hexagonal can still be made on conventional equipment, then arched, round or oval are assembled on special machines.

But still on the market there are the following windows:

Square window

Polygonal window

Trapezoid window

Arched window

Oval window

Triangular window

Round window

Complex window

The bay system

Non-standard windows adorn any interior and can even become its “highlight”, turning an ordinary facade into a kind of palace. The most popular are arched windows of various varieties — from semicircular and horseshoe to lancet and ellipsoid. When ordering such windows you need to know that the radius of rounding should not exceed 40 — 45 cm.

When ordering triangular windows that look great on buildings with high roofs, you also need to pay attention to their configuration — any of the corners can not be less than 300. They are more difficult to manufacture than rectangular and cost more, besides, it differs in some nuances and ways their installation. If you order triangular windows, then only with installation.

Approximately the same level of complexity and trapezoid windows, which look very good on the facades of cottages and houses attic type. Here there are the same restrictions — the corners should exceed 300. But the options for opening the valves are much larger than those of the triangular ones. Trapezoidal windows are comparative with rectangular ones for ease of operation.

Round windows — the most difficult to manufacture. They are used for non-standard design and purpose premises — studios, artists’ studios, in hotels, especially designed in nautical style. But with success they can be entered into the architecture of a country house. In their manufacture, there are the same restrictions on the radius of curvature as for the arch. The maximum radius is limited only by the weight of the window and ease of use.

Also, bay windows and gantry windows, protruding from the wall or completely replacing it, became fashionable and popular. Such designs are made only to order and can take completely different shapes and sizes. In combination with different design of glass and frame, non-standard windows allow to achieve a completely stunning effect both in design and in functionality.

Options for decorating windows

Colored plastic windows

Рассмотрев пластиковые окна виды которых описаны выше, можно расширить выбор элементами различного декора, например, вместо обычного белого профиля выбрать окрашенный в один из 150 цветов RAL. Для окрашивания применяются специальные составы, образующие прочное покрытие, наподобие полимерного, толщиной всего в 80 микрон. Выполнить покраску можно только в заводских условиях.

Ламинированные пластиковые окна

Так же высокой стойкостью и долговечностью отличается ламинирование — приклеивание специальной пленки, имитирующей поверхность дерева, на профиль. Делается это под высоким давлением и температурой исключительно на специальных машинах. От обычного дерева такие поверхности отличаются только устойчивостью к влаге и долговечностью. Качественно наклеенный ламинат прослужит не меньше, чем само окно.

Алый.

Болотный дуб.

Винчестер.

Золотой дуб.

Махагон.

Light fir.

Light oak.

Basalt.

Marsh greens.

Raven wing.

Brushed aluminum.

Fir.

Rustic oak.

Siena Rosso.

Marshland.

Brilliant blue.

Pine.

Oregon.

Platinum Metallic.

Pink tree.

Shogun

Stained glass windows

Stained glass glazing belongs to the original decoration type. They are performed on the inner glasses of double-glazed windows and, in addition to completely amazing visual effects, they are characterized by high durability and durability. They cannot be damaged by anything, and paints, varnishes and special tin separating elements are designed for decades of operation. It is only important to choose a picture that best matches the style of the house.

The choice of windows is an exciting and responsible occupation. You find yourself in a completely different world of beauty and grace, in which only the one who approaches the choice carefully and assesses both the design and the practical properties of the proposed structures can navigate.

3. РАСЧЕТ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ БЕТОННЫХ И ЖЕЛЕЗОБЕТОННЫХ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ ПО ПРЕДЕЛЬНЫМ СОСТОЯНИЯМ ПЕРВОЙ ГРУППЫ. РАСЧЕТ БЕТОННЫХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ ПО ПРОЧНОСТИ