Run postgresql on linux

17.3. Starting the Database Server

Before anyone can access the database, you must start the database server. The database server program is called postgres. The postgres program must know where to find the data it is supposed to use. This is done with the -D option. Thus, the simplest way to start the server is:

which will leave the server running in the foreground. This must be done while logged into the PostgreSQL user account. Without -D, the server will try to use the data directory named by the environment variable PGDATA. If that variable is not provided either, it will fail.

Normally it is better to start postgres in the background. For this, use the usual Unix shell syntax:

It is important to store the server’s stdout and stderr output somewhere, as shown above. It will help for auditing purposes and to diagnose problems. (See Section 23.3 for a more thorough discussion of log file handling.)

The postgres program also takes a number of other command-line options. For more information, see the postgres reference page and Chapter 18 below.

This shell syntax can get tedious quickly. Therefore the wrapper program pg_ctl is provided to simplify some tasks. For example:

will start the server in the background and put the output into the named log file. The -D option has the same meaning here as for postgres. pg_ctl is also capable of stopping the server.

Normally, you will want to start the database server when the computer boots. Autostart scripts are operating-system-specific. There are a few distributed with PostgreSQL in the contrib/start-scripts directory. Installing one will require root privileges.

Different systems have different conventions for starting up daemons at boot time. Many systems have a file /etc/rc.local or /etc/rc.d/rc.local. Others use init.d or rc.d directories. Whatever you do, the server must be run by the PostgreSQL user account and not by root or any other user. Therefore you probably should form your commands using su postgres -c ‘. ‘. For example:

Here are a few more operating-system-specific suggestions. (In each case be sure to use the proper installation directory and user name where we show generic values.)

For FreeBSD , look at the file contrib/start-scripts/freebsd in the PostgreSQL source distribution.

On OpenBSD , add the following lines to the file /etc/rc.local:

On Linux systems either add

to /etc/rc.d/rc.local or /etc/rc.local or look at the file contrib/start-scripts/linux in the PostgreSQL source distribution.

On NetBSD , use either the FreeBSD or Linux start scripts, depending on preference.

On Solaris , create a file called /etc/init.d/postgresql that contains the following line:

Then, create a symbolic link to it in /etc/rc3.d as S99postgresql.

17.3.1. Server Start-up Failures

There are several common reasons the server might fail to start. Check the server’s log file, or start it by hand (without redirecting standard output or standard error) and see what error messages appear. Below we explain some of the most common error messages in more detail.

This usually means just what it suggests: you tried to start another server on the same port where one is already running. However, if the kernel error message is not Address already in use or some variant of that, there might be a different problem. For example, trying to start a server on a reserved port number might draw something like:

probably means your kernel’s limit on the size of shared memory is smaller than the work area PostgreSQL is trying to create (4011376640 bytes in this example). Or it could mean that you do not have System-V-style shared memory support configured into your kernel at all. As a temporary workaround, you can try starting the server with a smaller-than-normal number of buffers (shared_buffers). You will eventually want to reconfigure your kernel to increase the allowed shared memory size. You might also see this message when trying to start multiple servers on the same machine, if their total space requested exceeds the kernel limit.

does not mean you’ve run out of disk space. It means your kernel’s limit on the number of System V semaphores is smaller than the number PostgreSQL wants to create. As above, you might be able to work around the problem by starting the server with a reduced number of allowed connections (max_connections), but you’ll eventually want to increase the kernel limit.

If you get an «illegal system call» error, it is likely that shared memory or semaphores are not supported in your kernel at all. In that case your only option is to reconfigure the kernel to enable these features.

17.3.2. Client Connection Problems

Although the error conditions possible on the client side are quite varied and application-dependent, a few of them might be directly related to how the server was started. Conditions other than those shown below should be documented with the respective client application.

This is the generic «I couldn’t find a server to talk to» failure. It looks like the above when TCP/IP communication is attempted. A common mistake is to forget to configure the server to allow TCP/IP connections.

Alternatively, you’ll get this when attempting Unix-domain socket communication to a local server:

The last line is useful in verifying that the client is trying to connect to the right place. If there is in fact no server running there, the kernel error message will typically be either Connection refused or No such file or directory , as illustrated. (It is important to realize that Connection refused in this context does not mean that the server got your connection request and rejected it. That case will produce a different message, as shown in Section 19.4.) Other error messages such as Connection timed out might indicate more fundamental problems, like lack of network connectivity.

Источник

Ubuntu Documentation

Introduction

PostgreSQL is a powerful object-relational database management system, provided under a flexible BSD-style license. [1] PostgreSQL contains many advanced features, is very fast and standards compliant.

PostgreSQL has bindings for many programming languages such as C, C++, Python, Java, PHP, Ruby. It can be used to power anything from simple web applications to massive databases with millions of records.

Client Installation

If you only wish to connect to an external PostgreSQL server, do not install the main PostgreSQL package, but install the PostgreSQL client package instead. To do this, use the following command

you then connect to the server with the following command

After you inserted the password you access PostgreSQL with line commands. You may for instance insert the following

You exit the connection with

Installation

To install the server locally use the command line and type:

This will install the latest version available in your Ubuntu release and the commonly used add-ons for it.

See «External Links» below for options for getting newer releases.

Installing PostGIS, procedural languages, client interfaces, etc

Additional packages contain procedural language runtimes, add-ons like PostGIS, language client interfaces like psycopg2 for Python, etc. You can get a listing with:

Administration

pgAdmin III is a handy GUI for PostgreSQL, it is essential to beginners. To install it, type at the command line:

You may also use the Synaptic package manager from the System>Administration menu to install these packages.

Basic Server Setup

To start off, we need to set the password of the PostgreSQL user (role) called «postgres»; we will not be able to access the server externally otherwise. As the local “postgres” Linux user, we are allowed to connect and manipulate the server using the psql command.

In a terminal, type:

this connects as a role with same name as the local user, i.e. «postgres», to the database called «postgres» (1st argument to psql).

Set a password for the «postgres» database role using the command:

and give your password when prompted. The password text will be hidden from the console for security purposes.

Type Control+D or \q to exit the posgreSQL prompt.

Create database

To create the first database, which we will call «mydb», simply type:

Install Server Instrumentation (for PgAdmin) for Postgresql 8.4 or 9.3

PgAdmin requires the installation of an add-on for full functionality. The «adminpack» addon, which it calls Server Instrumentation, is part of postgresql-contrib, so you must install that package if you haven’t already:

Then to activate the extension, for «»Postgresql 8.4″», run the adminpack.sql script, simply type:

For «Postgresql 9.3″+ install the adminpack «extension» in the «postgres» database:

Alternative Server Setup

If you don’t intend to connect to the database from other machines, this alternative setup may be simpler.

By default in Ubuntu, Postgresql is configured to use ‘ident sameuser’ authentication for any connections from the same machine. Check out the excellent Postgresql documentation for more information, but essentially this means that if your Ubuntu username is ‘foo’ and you add ‘foo’ as a Postgresql user then you can connect to the database without requiring a password.

Since the only user who can connect to a fresh install is the postgres user, here is how to create yourself a database account (which is in this case also a database superuser) with the same name as your login name and then create a password for the user:

Client programs, by default, connect to the local host using your Ubuntu login name and expect to find a database with that name too. So to make things REALLY easy, use your new superuser privileges granted above to create a database with the same name as your login name:

Connecting to your own database to try out some SQL should now be as easy as:

Creating additional database is just as easy, so for example, after running this:

You can go right ahead and tell Amarok to use postgresql to store its music catalog. The database name would be amarokdb, the username would be your own login name, and you don’t even need a password thanks to ‘ident sameuser’ so you can leave that blank.

Using pgAdmin III GUI

To get an idea of what PostgreSQL can do, you may start by firing up a graphical client. In a terminal type :

You will be presented with the pgAdmin III interface. Click on the «Add a connection to a server» button (top left). In the new dialog, enter the address 127.0.0.1 (Local host is default, so it can be left out.), a description of the server, the default database («mydb» in the example above), your username («postgres») and your password. One more step is required in order to allow pgAdmin III to connect to the server, and that is to edit pg_hba.conf file and change the authentication method from peer to md5 (will not work if you have not set the password):

and change the line

Now you should reload the server configuration changes and connect pgAdmin III to your PostgreSQL database server.

With this GUI you may start creating and managing databases, query the database, execute SQl etc.

Managing the Server

To learn more about managing PostgreSQL (but without the Ubuntu specifics) see the official PostgreSQL documentation

Managing users and rights

User management is discussed in detail in the client authentication chapter of the PostgreSQL documentation; the following is an introduction to get you started.

To manage users, you first have to edit /etc/postgresql/current/main/pg_hba.conf and modify the default configuration which is very locked down and secure. For example, if you want postgres to manage its own users (not linked with system users), you will add the following line:

Which means that on your local network (10.0.0.0/24 — replace with your own local network !), postgres users can connect through the network to the database providing a classical couple user / password.

Besides allowing a user to connect over the network to the to a database on the server, you must enable PostgreSQL to listen across different networks. To do that, open up /etc/postgresql/current/main/postgresql.conf in your favourite editor and alter the listen_addresses as below:

to listen on all network interfaces. See the docs for listen_addresses for other options.

To create a database with a user that have full rights on the database, use the following command:

The first command line creates the user with no database creation rights (-D) with no add user rights -A) and will prompt you for entering a password (-P). The second command line create the database ‘mydb with ‘myuser‘ as owner.

This little example will probably suit most of your needs. For more details, please refer to the corresponding man pages or the online documentation.

restarting the server

After configuring the networking / users you may need to reload the server, here is a suggested command to do so.

Some settings changes in postgresql.conf require a full restart, which will terminate active connections and abort uncommitted transactions:

Further reading

If you are not familiar with SQL you may want to look into this powerful language, although some simple uses of PostgreSQL may not require this knowledge (such as a simple Django project).

The PostgreSQL website contains a wealth of information on using this database. In particular, the tutorial is a useful starting point, but you can skip the installation step as you’ve already installed it using Ubuntu packages.

Troubleshooting

fe_sendauth: no password supplied

Your pg_hba.conf specifies that md5 authentication is to be used for this connection based on the origin host, connection method and the requested username/database, but your application didn’t supply a password.

Change the authentication mode or set a password for the user you’re connecting to and then specify that password in your application’s connection settings.

FATAL: role «myusername» does not exist

By default PostgreSQL connects to the PostgreSQL user with the same name as the current unix user. You have not created a PostgreSQL user by that name in your database.

Create a suitable user, or specify a different username to connect with. In the command line tools the -U flag does this.

FATAL: database «myusername» does not exist

A user named «myusername» exists, but there’s no database of the same name.

By default PostgreSQL connects to the database with the same name as the user you’re connecting as, but it doesn’t auto-create the database if it doesn’t exist.

Create the database, or specify a different database to connect to.

FATAL: Peer authentication failed for user «myusername»

You are connecting to localhost via a unix socket. A user named «myusername» exists, but your current unix user is not the same as that username. PostgreSQL is set to use «peer» authentication on unix sockets for this user/db combo so it requires your unix and postgresql usernames to match.

Connect from the unix user that matches the desired PostgreSQL user — perhaps with sudo -u theusername psql — or change pg_hba.conf to use a different authentication mode like «md5» for this username.

could not connect to server: No such file or directory

An error like this (possibly with a different unix socket path, depending on your install):

can mean a number of things:

* The server isn’t running;

* The server has a different unix_socket_directories to the default in your client’s libpq, either due to different compiled-in defaults or a mismatched setting;

* The server is listening on a different «port». PostgreSQL emulates TCP/IP ports on unix sockets by using the port number as the suffix for the socket file, e.g. 5432.

Eliminate these in turn.

First make sure the server is running. On Ubuntu, ps -u postgres -f will show you any processes running as user postgres — you want to see multiple ones named postgres.

Now make sure the server is listening where your client thinks it is. To find out your PostgreSQL server’s socket directory:

or on older PostgreSQL versions, unix_socket_directory as the parameter changed name. To show the server’s port (which applies for both TCP/IP and unix sockets):

If you can’t even connect with psql under unix user postgres you can check the socket dir with lsof:

In this case the first line is the socket location. This server has socket directory /tmp with port 5432.

If your client is looking in a different socket directory, you’re probably trying to connect over unix sockets to the default socket path and/or to the default port, and the libpq your client application is linked to has a different compiled-in unix socket path and/or port than your running PostgreSQL. Most likely your LD_LIBRARY_PATH or /etc/ld.so.conf has a different libpq before the one that came with your version of PostgreSQL. This doesn’t generally matter much, you can just override the socket directory.

To specify an alternative socket directory and/port port to connect to, specify the socket dir as the host parameter in your connection options, e.g. to connect as user bob to the server listening in /tmp on port 5433:

or in connection-string form:

The same works with any client that uses libpq (all the PostgreSQL client tools, plus e.g. psycopg2, the Pg gem in Ruby/Rails, PHP’s postgres and PDO, Perl’s DBB::Pg, etc). It does NOT work with non-libpq clients like PgJDBC, py-postgresql, etc, but most of these don’t support unix sockets at all. See the client documentation for non-libpq based clients.

[1] You do not have to pay in order to use PostgreSQL for any application, such as commercial closed source software. See http://www.postgresql.org/about/licence/.

External Links

Official PostgreSQL downloads

The PostgreSQL project provides an official list of download locations, including an Ubuntu software repository, at its download page. In particular, Ubuntu users can get newer PostgreSQL versions than those packaged in their Ubuntu release using apt-get via apt.postgresql.org.

For support and services around PostgreSQL see the services and support page.

EnterpriseDB

The PostgreSQL Linux downloads page contains a section on «Graphical installer» built by EnterpriseDB. You download the installer, change its properties to allow to run it as command (it has .run extension), and run it from command prompt as in «sudo whateveritwas.run».

You end up with

• configured DB server instance, which starts with your server
• pgAdmin III UI client application

Note that the installed software will not be integrated with Ubuntu software center. As a result, you will not receive any security updates from Ubuntu. However, the installed version will closely match the latest Ubuntu version.

Turnkey Linux

An Ubuntu-based PostgreSQL appliance is one of the easiest ways to get up and running with PostgreSQL on Ubuntu. It’s part of a family of pre-integrated TurnKey Linux Software Appliances based on Ubuntu 10.04.1 (Lucid LTS).

PostgreSQL (последним исправлял пользователь mikini 2015-08-28 13:16:48)

The material on this wiki is available under a free license, see Copyright / License for details
You can contribute to this wiki, see Wiki Guide for details

Источник