Running mysql server linux

Установка MySQL в Ubuntu 20.04

MySQL — это одна из самых популярных систем управления базами данных, которая применяется почти везде, начиная от различных предприятий и промышленности и заканчивая организацией работы веб-сайтов.

Сейчас существует несколько версий MySQL. Непосредственно MySQL, разрабатываемая компанией Oracle и свободный форк от основного разработчика MySQL — MariaDB. Имя MairaDB программа получила в честь первой дочери программиста, также как и MySQL в честь имени второй. В большинстве дистрибутивов Linux используется MariaDB, в том числе и в Ubuntu. Но в этой статье давайте рассмотрим установку именно MySQL в Ubuntu 20.04.

Установка MySQL 8 в Ubuntu

Программа и все необходимые компоненты есть в официальных репозиториях, поэтому установить её не составит труда. Для установки из официальных репозиториев сначала обновите списки пакетов:

sudo apt update

Затем установите необходимые пакеты:

sudo apt install mysql-server mysql-client

На данный момент в репозиториях Ubuntu 20.04 есть уже версия Mysql 8.20. Вы можете проверить установленную версию такой командой:

Кроме того, желательно проверить, запущенна ли служба MySQL:

sudo systemctl status mysql

Вы должны увидеть зеленую надпись Active, Running и версию программы, которую устанавливали.

Установка MySQL 5.7 в Ubuntu

Если вам нужна версия 5.7, то её в репозиториях нет, но вы можете получить эту версию из репозитория разработчика. Если в системе уже есть более новая версия, её надо полностью удалить:

sudo apt remove —autoremove mysql-server mysql-client

Также удалите каталог с базами данных MySQL они не совместимы со старой версией:

sudo rm -Rf /var/lib/mysql

Для установки репозитория скачайте этот пакет:

sudo wget https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql-apt-config_0.8.12-1_all.deb

Затем установите его:

sudo dpkg -i mysql-apt-config_0.8.12-1_all.deb

В процессе установки программа попросит выбрать дистрибутив. Если у вас Ubuntu 20.04 или выше, выбирайте версию для Ubuntu 18.04 — bionic:

Затем выберите MySQL Server and Cluster:

После этого останется выбрать нужную версию MySQL, например 5.7:

После этого обновите списки репозиториев и посмотрите какие версии MySQL доступны:

sudo apt update

sudo apt-cache policy mysql-server

Осталось установить установить mysql 5.7 в Ubuntu:

sudo apt install mysql-server=5.7.31-1ubuntu18.04 mysql-community-server=5.7.31-1ubuntu18.04 mysql-client=5.7.31-1ubuntu18.04

В процессе установки программа запросит пароль для root пользователя:

После этого вы снова можете посмотреть версию:

Настройка mysql в Ubuntu

Перед тем как вы сможете полноценно использовать только что установленную базу данных, необходимо выполнить ее первоначальную настройку. Для этого был разработан специальный скрипт, выполните его:

На первом шаге настраивается плагин валидации пароля. Чтобы его включить нажмите Y, или его можно не включать. Затем надо задать сложность пароля, который позволит установить этот плагин. Здесь 0 означает слабый пароль, а 2 — сложный. Когда плагин будет настроен введите пароль root и подтвердите, что хотите использовать именно его:

Введите Y для отключения анонимного доступа к MySQL, затем ещё раз Y чтобы запретить подключаться к базе от имени root удаленно:

Снова Y, чтобы удалить тестовую базу данных. Затем, обновите привилегии для пользователей:

После завершения настройки вы можете подключиться к пользователя root к серверу баз данных из командной строки:

sudo mysql -u root

Здесь нам необходимо создать пользователя, от имени которого мы будем использовать базу данных, а также саму базу данных. Для этого воспользуемся командами SQL. Сначала создаем базу данных:

mysql> CREATE DATABASE testDB;

Далее создадим пользователя:

mysql> CREATE USER ‘my_user’@’localhost’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘password’;

Слова my_user и password нужно заменить на свои имя пользователя и пароль. Дальше нужно дать права пользователю на управление этой базой данных:

mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON testDB.* TO ‘my_user’@’localhost’

Или вы можете дать права только на несколько инструкций:

mysql> GRANT SELECT,UPDATE,DELETE ON testDB.* TO ‘my_user’@’localhost’;

Если какую-либо инструкцию нужно запретить, удалите ее:

mysql> REVOKE UPDATE ON testDB.* FROM ‘my_user’@’localhost’;

После завершения работы с правами нужно их обновить:

mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

Чтобы убедиться что нет никого лишнего, вы можете вывести список пользователей:

mysql> SELECT user,host FROM mysql.user;

Также вы можете посмотреть полномочия для нужного пользователя:

mysql> SHOW GRANTS FOR ‘my_user’@’localhost’;

Теперь установка MySQL Ubuntu 20.04 полностью завершена и вы можете использовать эту базу данных для решения своих задач.

Удаление MySQL в Ubuntu

Чтобы удалить mysql Ubuntu 20.04 понадобиться немного больше команд чем для удаления простого пакета. После удаления основных пакетов в системе остается еще много файлов. Мы рассмотрим как удалить все.

Сначала остановите сервисы:

sudo systemctl stop mysql
sudo killall -KILL mysql mysqld_safe mysqld

Удалите основные пакеты и их зависимости:

sudo apt -y purge mysql-server mysql-client
sudo apt -y autoremove —purge
sudo apt autoclean

Удалите пользователя mysql и остатки программы в системе:

deluser —remove-home mysql
sudo delgroup mysql
rm -rf /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/mysql /etc/apparmor.d/cache/usr.sbin.mysqld /etc/mysql /var/lib/mysql /var/log/mysql* /var/log/upstart/mysql.log* /var/run/mysqld
updatedb

Удалите все логи подключений к mysql из терминала:

sudo find / -name .mysql_history -delete

Теперь ваша система полностью очищена от MySQL.

Выводы

В этой статье мы рассмотрели как выполняется установка MySQL в Ubuntu 20.04. Как видите, это не очень трудно, хотя и требует некоторых знаний и немного времени на то, чтобы со всем разобраться. Надеюсь, эта информация была для вас полезной.

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Getting Started with MySQL

MySQL is the world’s most popular open-source database. Despite its powerful features, MySQL is simple to set up and easy to use. Below are some instructions to help you get MySQL up and running in a few easy steps. We also explain how to perform some basic operations with MySQL using the mysql client.

The following instructions do not necessarily apply to versions of MySQL older than MySQL 5.7.

These are instructions for a fresh installation only. If you are already using MySQL and want to upgrade to a newer version, see Upgrading MySQL.

For legal information, see the Legal Notices.

For help with using MySQL, please visit the MySQL Forums, where you can discuss your issues with other MySQL users.

Document generated on: 2021-09-23 (revision: 70881)

Table of Contents

Installing and Starting MySQL

There are different ways to install MySQL. The following covers the easiest methods for installing and starting MySQL on different platforms.

Linux. The easiest way to install MySQL is to use the MySQL repositories:

For Yum-based Linux distributions like Oracle Linux, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and Fedora, follow the instructions in A Quick Guide to Using the MySQL Yum Repository. If your system cannot use the MySQL Yum repository for some reason, follow the instructions in Installing MySQL on Linux Using RPM Packages from Oracle.

For APT-based distributions like Debian and Ubuntu, follow the instructions in A Quick Guide to Using the MySQL APT Repository. If your system cannot use the MySQL APT repository for some reason, follow the instructions in Installing MySQL on Linux Using Debian Packages from Oracle.

For SUSE Linux Enterprise, follow the instructions in A Quick Guide to Using the MySQL SLES Repository. If your system cannot use the MySQL SUSE repository for some reason, follow the instructions in Installing MySQL on Linux Using RPM Packages from Oracle.

For Linux distributions that do not support the MySQL repositories or the installation packages mentioned above, you can install MySQL using generic binaries:

Download the .tar or .tar.gz archive for the generic binaries for Linux from the Download MySQL Community Server page.

See Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic Binaries for instructions on installing the binaries.

After installing the binaries, following the instructions given in Initializing the Data Directory. It is especially important to note the random root password generated for you during the initialization process; see Initializing the Data Directory for more detail.

Next, follow the instructions given in Starting the Server.

Detailed instructions, as well as other methods for installation, can be found in Installing MySQL on Linux.

Microsoft Windows. The recommended way to install MySQL on Microsoft Windows is to use the MySQL Installer; see MySQL Installer Method on how to download and run the MySQL Installer. For a detailed explanation for each step of the installation wizard, see MySQL Installer for Windows.

If you have chosen to configure MySQL as a Windows service during the installation process, which is the default option (see Windows Service for details), the MySQL server will start automatically after the installation process is completed.

Detailed information regarding Windows installation, including alternative installation methods and instructions for troubleshooting, can be found in Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows.

macOS. The recommended way for installing MySQL on macOS is to use the macOS installer package. See Installing MySQL on macOS Using Native Packages on how to download and run the installer package, and how to start the MySQL server afterward.

Detailed information regarding installation on macOS can be found in Installing MySQL on macOS.

Other platforms. For installations on other platforms (for example, FreeBSD and Solaris), as well as installation methods not covered above, see Installing and Upgrading MySQL.

Connecting to the MySQL Server with the mysql Client

Once your MySQL server is up and running, you can connect to it as the superuser root with the mysql client.

On Linux, enter the following command at the command line terminal (for installation using generic binaries, you might need to go first to the bin folder under the base directory of your MySQL installation):

On Windows, click Start , All Programs , MySQL , MySQL 5.7 Command Line Client (or MySQL 8.0 Command Line Client , respectively). If you did not install MySQL with the MySQL Installer, open a command prompt, go to the bin folder under the base directory of your MySQL installation, and issue the following command:

You are then asked for the root password, which was assigned in different manners according to the way you installed MySQL. The installation and initialization instructions given above already explain the root password, but here is a quick summary:

For installations using the MySQL Yum repository, MySQL SUSE repository, or RPM packages directly downloaded from Oracle, the generated root password is in the error log. View it with, for example, the following command:

For installations using the MySQL APT repository or Debian packages directly downloaded from Oracle, you should have already assigned the root password yourself; if you have not done that for some reason, see the «Important» note here or How to Reset the Root Password.

For installations on Linux using the generic binaries followed by a data directory initialization using mysqld —initialize as discussed in Initializing the Data Directory, the generated root password is displayed in the standard error stream during the data directory’s initialization:

Depending on the configuration you used to initialize the MySQL server, the error output might have been directed to the MySQL error log; go there and check for the password if you do not see the above message on your screen. The error log is a file with a .err extension, usually found under the server’s data directory (the location of which depends on the server’s configuration, but is likely to be the data folder under the base directory of your MySQL installation, or the /var/lib/mysql folder).

If you have initialized the data directory with mysqld —initialize-insecure instead, the root password is empty.

For installations on Windows using the MySQL Installer and OS X using the installer package, you should have assigned a root password yourself.

If you have forgotten the root password you have chosen or have problems finding the temporary root password generated for you, see How to Reset the Root Password.

Once you are connected to the MySQL server, a welcome message is displayed and the mysql> prompt appears, which looks like this:

At this point, if you have logged in using a temporary root password that was generated during the installation or initialization process (which will be the case if you installed MySQL using the MySQL Yum repository, or using RPM packages or generic binaries from Oracle), change your root password by typing the following statement at the prompt:

Until you change your root password, you will not be able to exercise any of the superuser privileges, even if you are logged in as root .

Here are a few useful things to remember when using the mysql client:

Client commands (for example, help , quit , and clear ) and keywords in SQL statements (for example, SELECT, CREATE TABLE, and INSERT) are not case-sensitive.

Column names are case-sensitive. Table names are case-sensitive on most Unix-like platforms, but not case-sensitive on Windows platforms. Case-sensitivity during string comparison depends on the character collation you use. In general, it is a good idea to treat all identifiers (database names, table names, column names, etc.) and strings as case-sensitive. See Identifier Case Sensitivity and Case Sensitivity in String Searches for details.

You can type your SQL statements on multiple lines by pressing Enter in the middle of it. Typing a semicolon ( ; ) followed by an Enter ends an SQL statement and sends it to the server for execution; the same happens when a statement is ended with \g or \G (with the latter, returned results are displayed vertically). However, client commands (for example, help , quit , and clear ) do not require a terminator.

To disconnect from the MySQL server, type QUIT or \q at the client:

Some Basic Operations with MySQL

Here are some basic operations with the MySQL server. SQL Statements explains in detail the rich syntax and functionality of the SQL statements that are illustrated below.

Showing existing databases. Use a SHOW DATABASES statement:

Creating a new database. Use a CREATE DATABASE statement:

Check if the database has been created:

Creating a table inside a database. First, pick the database in which you want to create the table with a USE statement:

The USE statement tells MySQL to use pets as the default database for subsequent statements. Next, create a table with a CREATE TABLE statement:

Data types you can use in each column are explained in Data Types. Primary Key Optimization explains the concept of a primary key. What follows a # on each line is a comment, which is ignored by the mysql client; see Comments for other comment styles.

Check if the table has been created with a SHOW TABLES statement:

DESCRIBE shows information on all columns of a table:

Adding records into a table. Use, for example, an INSERT. VALUES statement:

See Literal Values for how to write string, date, and other kinds of literals in MySQL.

Retrieving records from a table. Use a SELECT statement, and “ * ” to match all columns:

To select specific columns and rows by a certain condition using the WHERE clause:

Deleting a record from a table. Use a DELETE statement to delete a record from a table, specifying the criterion for deletion with the WHERE clause:

Adding or deleting a column from a table. Use an ALTER TABLE. ADD statement to add a column. You can use, for example, an AFTER clause to specify the location of the new column:

Use DESCRIBE to check the result:

SHOW CREATE TABLE shows a CREATE TABLE statement, which provides even more details on the table:

Use ALTER TABLE. DROP to delete a column:

See the Tutorial for more instructions on how to work with the MySQL server.

Other Important Tasks to Perform

Create more user accounts. root is a superuser account for administration of the MySQL server which should not be used for general operations. On how to create user accounts of various kinds, see Adding Accounts, Assigning Privileges, and Dropping Accounts.

Configure MySQL to be managed with systemd. If you have installed MySQL on a systemd platform using generic binaries and want it to be managed with systemd, see Managing MySQL Server with systemd.

Troubleshooting

The following are resources for troubleshooting some problems you might run into:

Other Helpful Resources

MySQL Reference Manual (select the version with the version switch)

Tutorial on using the mysql client program to work with MySQL

Legal Notices

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The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing.

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