Setting the environment variable in linux

How to Set Environment Variables in Linux

Overview

In this tutorial, you will learn how to set environment variables in Ubuntu, CentOS, Red Hat, basically any Linux distribution for a single user and globally for all users. You will also learn how to list all environment variables and how to unset (clear) existing environment variables.

Environment variables are commonly used within the Bash shell. It is also a common means of configuring services and handling web application secrets.

It is not uncommon for environment specific information, such as endpoints and passwords, for example, to be stored as environment variables on a server. They are also used to set the important directory locations for many popular packages, such as JAVA_HOME for Java.

Setting an Environment Variable

To set an environment variable the export command is used. We give the variable a name, which is what is used to access it in shell scripts and configurations and then a value to hold whatever data is needed in the variable.

For example, to set the environment variable for the home directory of a manual OpenJDK 11 installation, we would use something similar to the following.

To output the value of the environment variable from the shell, we use the echo command and prepend the variable’s name with a dollar ($) sign.

And so long as the variable has a value it will be echoed out. If no value is set then an empty line will be displayed instead.

Unsetting an Environment Variable

To unset an environment variable, which removes its existence all together, we use the unset command. Simply replace the environment variable with an empty string will not remove it, and in most cases will likely cause problems with scripts or application expecting a valid value.

To following syntax is used to unset an environment variable

For example, to unset the JAVA_HOME environment variable, we would use the following command.

Listing All Set Environment Variables

To list all environment variables, we simply use the set command without any arguments.

An example of the output would look something similar to the following, which has been truncated for brevity.

Persisting Environment Variables for a User

When an environment variable is set from the shell using the export command, its existence ends when the user’s sessions ends. This is problematic when we need the variable to persist across sessions.

To make an environment persistent for a user’s environment, we export the variable from the user’s profile script.

1. Open the current user’s profile into a text editor
2. Add the export command for every environment variable you want to persist.
3. Save your changes.

Adding the environment variable to a user’s bash profile alone will not export it automatically. However, the variable will be exported the next time the user logs in.

To immediately apply all changes to bash_profile, use the source command.

Export Environment Variable

Export is a built-in shell command for Bash that is used to export an environment variable to allow new child processes to inherit it.

To export a environment variable you run the export command while setting the variable.

We can view a complete list of exported environment variables by running the export command without any arguments.

To view all exported variables in the current shell you use the -p flag with export.

Setting Permanent Global Environment Variables for All Users

A permanent environment variable that persists after a reboot can be created by adding it to the default profile. This profile is loaded by all users on the system, including service accounts.

All global profile settings are stored under /etc/profile. And while this file can be edited directory, it is actually recommended to store global environment variables in a directory named /etc/profile.d, where you will find a list of files that are used to set environment variables for the entire system.

1. Create a new file under /etc/profile.d to store the global environment variable(s). The name of the should be contextual so others may understand its purpose. For demonstrations, we will create a permanent environment variable for HTTP_PROXY.
2. Open the default profile into a text editor.
3. Add new lines to export the environment variables

Save your changes and exit the text editor

Conclusion

This tutorial covered how to set and unset environment variables for all Linux distributions, from Debian to Red Hat. You also learned how to set environment variables for a single user, as well as all users.

Источник

How to Set and Unset Local, User and System Wide Environment Variables in Linux

Environment Variables are some special variables that are defined in shell and are needed by programs while execution. They can be system defined or user defined. System defined variables are those which are set by system and are used by system level programs.

Set and Unset Linux Environment Variables

For e.g. PWD command is a very common system variable which is used to store the present working directory. User defined variables are typically set by user, either temporarily for the current shell or permanently. The whole concept of setting and un-setting environment variables revolves around some set of files and few commands and different shells.

In Broader terms, an environment variable can be in three types:

1. Local Environment Variable

One defined for the current session. These environment variables last only till the current session, be it remote login session, or local terminal session. These variables are not specified in any configuration files and are created, and removed by using a special set of commands.

2. User Environment Variable

These are the variables which are defined for a particular user and are loaded every time a user logs in using a local terminal session or that user is logged in using remote login session. These variables are typically set in and loaded from following configuration files: .bashrc , .bash_profile , .bash_login , .profile files which are present in user’s home directory.

3. System wide Environment Variables

These are the environment variables which are available system-wide, i.e. for all the users present on that system. These variables are present in system-wide configuration files present in following directories and files: /etc/environment , /etc/profile , /etc/profile.d/ , /etc/bash.bashrc . These variables are loaded every time system is powered on and logged in either locally or remotely by any user.

Understanding User-Wide and System-wide Configuration files

Here, we briefly describe various configuration files listed above that hold Environment Variables, either system wide or user specific.

.bashrc

This file is user specific file that gets loaded each time user creates a new local session i.e. in simple words, opens a new terminal. All environment variables created in this file would take effect every time a new local session is started.

.bash_profile

This file is user specific remote login file. Environment variables listed in this file are invoked every time the user is logged in remotely i.e. using ssh session. If this file is not present, system looks for either .bash_login or .profile files.

/etc/environment

This file is system wide file for creating, editing or removing any environment variables. Environment variables created in this file are accessible all throughout the system, by each and every user, both locally and remotely.

/etc/bash.bashrc

System wide bashrc file. This file is loaded once for every user, each time that user opens a local terminal session. Environment variables created in this file are accessible for all users but only through local terminal session. When any user on that machine is accessed remotely via a remote login session, these variables would not be visible.

/etc/profile

System wide profile file. All the variables created in this file are accessible by every user on the system, but only if that user’s session is invoked remotely, i.e. via remote login. Any variable in this file will not be accessible for local login session i.e. when user opens a new terminal on his local system.

Note: Environment variables created using system-wide or user-wide configuration files can be removed by removing them from these files only. Just that after each change in these files, either log out and log in again or just type following command on the terminal for changes to take effect:

Set or Unset Local or Session-wide Environment Variables in Linux

Local Environment Variables can be created using following commands:

These variables are session wide and are valid only for current terminal session. To Clear these session-wide environment variables following commands can be used:

1. Using env

By default, «env» command lists all the current environment variables. But, if used with ‘-i’ switch, it temporarily clears out all the environment variables and lets user execute a command in current session in absence of all the environment variables.

Here, var=value corresponds to any local environment variable that you want to use with this command only.

Will give bash shell which temporarily would not have any of the environment variable. But, as you exit from the shell, all the variables would be restored.

2. Using unset

Another way to clear local environment variable is by using unset command. To unset any local environment variable temporarily,

Where, var-name is the name of local variable which you want to un-set or clear.

3. Set the variable name to ”

Another less common way would be to set the name of the variable which you want to clear, to » (Empty). This would clear the value of the local variable for current session for which it is active.

NOTE – YOU CAN EVEN PLAY WITH AND CHANGE THE VALUES OF SYSTEM OR USER ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES, BUT CHANGES WOULD REFLECT IN CURRENT TERMINAL SESSION ONLY AND WOULD NOT BE PERMANENT.

Learn How to Create, User-Wide and System-Wide Environment Variables in Linux

In section, we will going to learn how to set or unset local, user and system wide environment variables in Linux with below examples:

1. Set and Unset Local Variables in Linux

a.) Here, we create a local variable VAR1 and set it to any value. Then, we use unset to remove that local variable, and at the end that variable is removed.

Set Unset Local Environment Variables

b.) Another way of creating a local variable is by using export command. The local variable created will be available for current session. To unset the variable simply set the value of variable to » .

Export Local Environment Variables in Linux

c.) Here, we created a local variable VAR2 and set it to a value. Then in-order to run a command temporarily clearing out all local and other environment variables, we executed ‘env –i’ command. This command here executed bash shell by clearing out all other environment variables. After entering ‘exit’ on the invoked bash shell, all variables would be restored.

Use Env Command to Unset Variables

2. Set and Unset User-Wide Environment Variables in Linux

a.) Modify .bashrc file in your home directory to export or set the environment variable you need to add. After that source the file, to make the changes take effect. Then you would see the variable ( ‘CD’ in my case), taking effect. This variable will be available every time you open a new terminal for this user, but not for remote login sessions.

Add the following line to .bashrc file at the bottom.

Now run the following command to take new changes and test it.

Set User-Wide Environment Variables in Linux

To remove this variable, just remove the following line in .bashrc file and re-source it:

b.) To add a variable which will be available for remote login sessions (i.e. when you ssh to the user from remote system), modify .bash_profile file.

Add the following line to .bash_profile file at the bottom.

When on sourcing this file, the variable will be available when you ssh to this user, but not on opening any new local terminal.

Here, VAR2 is not initially available but, on doing ssh to user on localhost, the variable becomes available.

Export User Wide Variables in Bash Profile

To remove this variable, just remove the line in .bash_profile file which you added, and re-source the file.

NOTE: These variables will be available every time you are logged in to current user but not for other users.

3. Set and Unset System-Wide Environment Variables in Linux

a.) To add system wide no-login variable (i.e. one which is available for all users when any of them opens new terminal but not when any user of machine is remotely accessed) add the variable to /etc/bash.bashrc file.

Add System Wide Environment Variables

After that, source the file.

Now this variable will be available for every user when he opens any new terminal.

Check System Wide Variables

Here, same variable is available for root user as well as normal user. You can verify this by logging in to other user.

b.) If you want any environment variable to be available when any of the user on your machine is remotely logged in, but not on opening any new terminal on local machine, then you need to edit the file – ‘/etc/profile’ .

Add System Wide Variables in Profile

After adding the variable, just re-source the file. Then the variable would be available.

To remove this variable, remove the line from /etc/profile file and re-source it.

c.) However, if you want to add any environment which you want to be available all throughout the system, on both remote login sessions as well as local sessions( i.e. opening a new terminal window) for all users, just export the variable in /etc/environment file.

Add System Variable in Environment File

After that just source the file and the changes would take effect.

Check Environment Variable for All Users

Here, as we see the environment variable is available for normal user, root user, as well as on remote login session (here, to localhost).

To clear out this variable, just remove the entry in the /etc/environment file and re-source it or login again.

NOTE: Changes take effect when you source the file. But, if not then you might need to log out and log in again.

Conclusion

Thus, these are few ways we can modify the environment variables. If you find any new and interesting tricks for the same do mention in your comments.

If You Appreciate What We Do Here On TecMint, You Should Consider:

TecMint is the fastest growing and most trusted community site for any kind of Linux Articles, Guides and Books on the web. Millions of people visit TecMint! to search or browse the thousands of published articles available FREELY to all.

If you like what you are reading, please consider buying us a coffee ( or 2 ) as a token of appreciation.

We are thankful for your never ending support.

Источник