Using path in linux

Переменная PATH в Linux

Когда вы запускаете программу из терминала или скрипта, то обычно пишете только имя файла программы. Однако, ОС Linux спроектирована так, что исполняемые и связанные с ними файлы программ распределяются по различным специализированным каталогам. Например, библиотеки устанавливаются в /lib или /usr/lib, конфигурационные файлы в /etc, а исполняемые файлы в /sbin/, /usr/bin или /bin.

Таких местоположений несколько. Откуда операционная система знает где искать требуемую программу или её компонент? Всё просто — для этого используется переменная PATH. Эта переменная позволяет существенно сократить длину набираемых команд в терминале или в скрипте, освобождая от необходимости каждый раз указывать полные пути к требуемым файлам. В этой статье мы разберёмся зачем нужна переменная PATH Linux, а также как добавить к её значению имена своих пользовательских каталогов.

Переменная PATH в Linux

Для того, чтобы посмотреть содержимое переменной PATH в Linux, выполните в терминале команду:

На экране появится перечень папок, разделённых двоеточием. Алгоритм поиска пути к требуемой программе при её запуске довольно прост. Сначала ОС ищет исполняемый файл с заданным именем в текущей папке. Если находит, запускает на выполнение, если нет, проверяет каталоги, перечисленные в переменной PATH, в установленном там порядке. Таким образом, добавив свои папки к содержимому этой переменной, вы добавляете новые места размещения исполняемых и связанных с ними файлов.

Для того, чтобы добавить новый путь к переменной PATH, можно воспользоваться командой export. Например, давайте добавим к значению переменной PATH папку/opt/local/bin. Для того, чтобы не перезаписать имеющееся значение переменной PATH новым, нужно именно добавить (дописать) это новое значение к уже имеющемуся, не забыв о разделителе-двоеточии:

Теперь мы можем убедиться, что в переменной PATH содержится также и имя этой, добавленной нами, папки:

Вы уже знаете как в Linux добавить имя требуемой папки в переменную PATH, но есть одна проблема — после перезагрузки компьютера или открытия нового сеанса терминала все изменения пропадут, ваша переменная PATH будет иметь то же значение, что и раньше. Для того, чтобы этого не произошло, нужно закрепить новое текущее значение переменной PATH в конфигурационном системном файле.

В ОС Ubuntu значение переменной PATH содержится в файле /etc/environment, в некоторых других дистрибутивах её также можно найти и в файле /etc/profile. Вы можете открыть файл /etc/environment и вручную дописать туда нужное значение:

sudo vi /etc/environment

Можно поступить и иначе. Содержимое файла .bashrc выполняется при каждом запуске оболочки Bash. Если добавить в конец файла команду export, то для каждой загружаемой оболочки будет автоматически выполняться добавление имени требуемой папки в переменную PATH, но только для текущего пользователя:

Выводы

В этой статье мы рассмотрели вопрос о том, зачем нужна переменная окружения PATH в Linux и как добавлять к её значению новые пути поиска исполняемых и связанных с ними файлов. Как видите, всё делается достаточно просто. Таким образом вы можете добавить столько папок для поиска и хранения исполняемых файлов, сколько вам требуется.

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Display or print UNIX / Linux path

I am a new Linux or Unix system user and I am using a Debian Linux VPS. How do I print current path settings under BASH or sh or ksh shell?

In Linux or Unix-like file systems, the human-readable address of a resource is defined by PATH shell variable. On Unix / Linux like operating systems, (as well as on DOS / Windows and its descendants), PATH is an environment variable listing a set of paths to directories where executable may be found. This page explains how to print path variable using various commands under Linux and Unix-like systems.

Tutorial details
Difficulty level	Easy
Root privileges	No
Requirements	Linux, Unix, or macOS terminal app
Est. reading time	2 minutes

Display current PATH in Linux

Use the echo command as follows:
echo «$PATH»
Here is my settings from Debian Linux system:

You can use the printf command as well to show the current PATH settings:
$ printf «%s\n» $PATH
Here is my settings from macOS/macOS X Unix desktop:

What is a PATH in Linux or Unix?

A PATH is nothing but the search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for commands.

How to modify current PATH

Use the export command to add /opt/games to PATH, enter:
export PATH=$PATH:/opt/games
To format your PATH variable for easy viewing, add following code to your bash startup file (such as

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Now just run path:
$ path
Here is what I see on CentOS/RHEL/Fedora Linux:

Another option is to run the following command:
echo «$PATH» | tr «:» «\n» | nl

Fig.01: Printing $PATH on Linux or Unix-like system

Summing up

The default shell path ( $PATH variable) is system-dependent, and is set by the administrator who installs bash or ksh or any other shell. However, developers and other Linux and Unix system users can set up their own path using the export command under bash/sh/ksh.

Setting up PATH permanently

Users can edit the

/.profile to set up their path as follows for bash:

Printing PATH in Linux or Unix

Now run:
echo «$PATH»
printf «%s\n», $PATH

How to Checking Path in Unix and Linux

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Comments on this entry are closed.

accepts an optional argument that is the name of a path-like variable.

Hi,
I did not get either of those path() working. I assume my version of unix does not recognize IFS when applying printf. But this works:

echo $PATH | sed ‘s/\:/\n/g’ | sort

Thanks for that, Pekka. I started using zsh, which has the same problem you described. The original solution works wonderfully in bash, but yours works in zsh.

Ugghh curly quotes. Could not copy and paste.

I am using Zshell, Prezto, OSX. The sed command replaces the : with an n

To get one path per line I used:

Hello Sir;
I am trying to run a program on a cluster and every time I run the program I have this message: mpiexec was unable to launch the specified application as it could not find an executable. ”
so I am suggesting that the program is not recognize the mpixec path. so I need to add the MPI path in my working directory.
my question is how to set this up?

hola necesito decargar un editor ok lo descargo en superusuario y cuando esta descargando me dice q no puede continuar … me aparece esto : dpkg: aviso: `ldconfig’ no se ha encontrado en el PATH o no es ejecutable.
dpkg: aviso: `start-stop-daemon’ no se ha encontrado en el PATH o no es ejecutable.
dpkg: error: 2 expected programs not found in PATH or not executable.
Note: root’s PATH should usually contain /usr/local/sbin, /usr/sbin and /sbin.
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (2)
Un paquete no se pudo instalar. Tratando de recuperarlo:
dpkg: aviso: `ldconfig’ no se ha encontrado en el PATH o no es ejecutable.
dpkg: aviso: `start-stop-daemon’ no se ha encontrado en el PATH o no es ejecutable.
dpkg: error: 2 expected programs not found in PATH or not executable.
Note: root’s PATH should usually contain /usr/local/sbin, /usr/sbin and /sbin.
help me..

In below code:
Node=/liferay-portal-5.2.0/jboss-tomcat-4.2.3/server/node_portal
export jboss=$Node/../..
echo $jboss

But I need Output as :

Please help me out in this.

How can I make PATH easily to view when I just execute the script? Thanks

You can search/replace within variables as you expand them.
The following replaces ‘:’ with newlines while expanding $PATH, so it’s done without using external commands:

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How to Permanently Set $PATH in Linux

Understanding the $PATH Variable

In this tutorial, we will show you how to permanently set your PATH on Linux.

First off, why should you care?

The $PATH variable, or just PATH, without the $ indicating variables, specifies a list of directories that impacts your computing platform’s functionality in a critical way. This is because the $PATH is the list of directories in which the system searches for executable programs, scripts, or files.

Imagine trying to run the ssh command, for example, to connect to a server. What happens if the system cannot find the ssh program? You are unable to connect to servers and run computations. You have a plethora of useful programs, examples like python , javac , npm , make , chmod , apt-get and so on, that your computer needs to be able to find when you invoke them at the command line.

The $PATH variable is the key that makes it possible to find the correct program and execute it at your command without needing the executable’s full directory path. When your PATH is set incorrectly, your shell will be unable to find programs, and certain commands will fail.

Using bash_profile to Set your PATH

A common mistake with the $PATH variable is to set it in the current shell only, without persisting the change. When you open a new shell, the changes are lost, and you are once again unable to execute certain commands because those programs are not found in the PATH.

The first way of setting your $PATH permanently is to modify the $PATH variable in your Bash profile file, located at /home/ /.bash_profile .

For example, let’s say I want to add a new directory /home/tomahawk/tools/jdk1.8.0_92/bin to my PATH. You might recognize this as a Java Development Kit installation. However, that is beside the point. Whatever the directory contains, I can add it to our path and make the programs that this bin directory contains accessible from the command line by adding the following line to the end of the file

A good way to edit the file is to use nano , vi , vim or emacs . You can use the command sudo

/.bash_profile , and enter your admin password when prompted, then add that line to the end and save the file.

To activate the changes in the current shell, you have to «source» the updated bash_profile file. You do this with the command:

This simply imports the file’s settings into the current shell. Now every time you open your shell, your bash_profile will automatically be «sourced» and you won’t need to run this command every time.

Now we can invoke commands or programs in the new directory /home/tomahawk/tools/jdk1.8.0_92/bin , such as javac , located at /home/tomahawk/tools/jdk1.8.0_92/bin/javac by just typing at the command prompt the name of the program. We can do this now from any directory, because the PATH has been updated to look for executable programs in our new directory.

Now runs the correct javac program, printing out something like the following:

bash_profile is appropriate when you want to set a PATH variable customized for a single user of the system. If you wanted to set PATH for all users of a system, there are better ways to do so, which we cover further on in this guide.

Using bashrc to Set your PATH

Instead of setting the PATH in

/.bash_profile , we can also add the directories we want to the PATH in

/.bashrc instead. Setting the PATH in bashrc looks identical to how we set it in bash_profile .

For example, to include the directory /home/tomahawk/.rbenv/bin in my path, I edit or create the file /home/tomahawk/.bashrc , adding the following line:

Notice that, like last time, the first thing in our new PATH export is the inclusion of the existing $PATH variable. This ensures that we preserve the current value of PATH, and just add any additional directories on to the PATH, after the $PATH variable. If you do not do this, you will overwrite the PATH variable entirely, and miss critical directories the system needs to be on the PATH. As a result, your system can become unusable.

The difference between using bashrc and bash_profile is that bash_profile is used for login shells. These run when you login via the console, or log in using ssh . In contrast, once you are logged in, and you open a command shell or run the bash command, the bashrc file will run. Your PATH settings from bashrc will then be available.

The effect of setting the PATH is similar. In addition, we must activate any changes in the bashrc file into the current shell the first time we make this change, just as we did for the bash_profile file. This time, we run source

/.bashrc . We can now access the new PATH at the command line. It has been set permanently and will stay the same between multiple logins into the system.

Using a Profile File to Set your PATH

We can also set the PATH permanently using a user’s profile file. This is different from

/.bash_profile in that it is set not for shells only, but for all programs.

User profiles are loaded at login. The PATH variable can be set in the

To set my PATH to include everything already in $PATH, as well as a new directory /home/tomahawk/.exenv/bin , I edit the file at

/.profile and set the PATH as follows

As in all prior examples, we will need to source these changes to make them active for the current shell, but subsequent logins will persist the changes.

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Once that’s done, I can run the exenv command, which is one of the programs available in the folder I just added to the PATH, and I get back the output of my exenv version:

You can read more about the exenv program here, but you can use this process to set PATH permanently to include any program or directory you want.

Permanently Setting your PATH for Other Shells like ZSH and KSH

If you use alternative shells such as zsh, ksh and others, you can set the PATH permanently using those shells’ configuration.

Like bash, both zsh and ksh use a zshrc and khsrc file, respectively, to set the path for non-login shells. For login shells, they use the analogous shell profile files zprofile and kprofile.

You can therefore set the PATH permanently for these shells in a similar way to what we did for Bash. For zsh, you can find these files, or create them if they do not exist, at

Similarly, you can set PATH permanently for ksh in the configuration files located at

There are plenty of other shells you can use, such as the C Shell and the tcsh shell. Setting the PATH permanently for them will generally follow the pattern we have seen here.

Permanently Setting System-Wide PATH for all Users

System-wide settings for all users can be set in /etc/profile . There is considerable flexibility and multiple options for setting the PATH permanently system-wide.

Your Linux system will execute all script files ending in .sh in /etc/profile.d whenever a bash shell is entered, as well as when the desktop session loads.

You can therefore add a new file, such as env.sh inside the directory /etc/profile.d . In this file, we can export the PATH variable, setting it permanently to our choice of path directories, for example:

Files in /etc/profile.d are sourced by /etc/profile, thus activating our system-wide PATH whenever a user logs in.

We can also set PATH for all users in /etc/environment , which takes key-value pairs of the form:

Troubleshooting PATH Problems

As we saw, setting the PATH permanently in Linux has many options. You can set the PATH for only a certain user, for all users, or for only certain types of command shells. However, it’s a good idea to not fiddle with system-wide PATH settings unless you really know what you are doing.

If you encounter problems, a good starting point is to find out the current value of $PATH, by running the command:

For more troubleshooting tips, check out this resource.

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