Virtualbox rdp настройка linux

Эта статья о том, как настроить зашифрованное (SSL) RDP-подключение к виртуалкам на VirtualBox. В качестве гостевой системы используется Linux (Debian/Ubuntu). Базовая документация, на основе которой написана статья: https://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch07.html.

У VirtualBox есть возможность подключаться к экрану запущенной виртуалки через RDP. Однако в GUI все необходимые для этого настройки отсутствуют и нужно использовать утилиту VBoxManage в командной строке.

Чего мы хотим добиться: защищённое TLS-соединение до виртуальной машины с аутентификацией по логину и паролю. Все настройки делаем целиком из командной строки.

Создание сертификатов

Для работы TLS необходимы сертификат CA, приватный ключ сервера и сертификат сервера, подписанный CA. Я не буду подробно объяснять, как и что делать, вместо этого вы можете скачать готовый скрипт и при необходимости отредактировать его. Ниже команда, которая скрипт скачивает и запускает.

После отработки скрипта вы получите три файла:

$HOME/.config/VirtualBox/vrde-ca-cert.pem — сертификат CA
$HOME/.config/VirtualBox/vrde-server-key.pem — приватный ключ сервера
$HOME/.config/VirtualBox/vrde-server-cert.pem — сертификат сервера, подписанный CA

Вы можете также эти сертификаты получить каким-нибудь иным способом, но лежать они должны обязательно по указанным путям, они дальше будут использоваться в конфигурации виртуалки.

Настройка виртуальной машины

Этот раздел нужно выполнить для каждой виртуальной машины, к экрану которой вы хотите включить внешний доступ. Виртуалку лучше всего выключить, иначе некоторые команды могут не выполниться. Все команды запускаются на хосте, а не госте.

Список всех виртуалок можно получить командой VBoxManage list vms :

Первый элемент — это имя виртуалки, мы его будем использовать в командах.

Определимся с настройками для виртуалки:

RDP-сервер на порту 40301
Аутентификация по отдельно заданным логину и паролю
Шифрование канала TLS

Включаем режим аутентификации:

Вычисляем хешированный пароль:

Дальше указываем этот хеш для юзера (в моём случае это sigsergv ):

Включаем шифрование, указываем TLS сертификаты и ключи:

Включаем RDP-сервер и выставляем нужный порт (40301 в моём случае):

И стартуем виртуалку в «безголовом» (“headless”) режиме:

Я все (почти все) эти команды оформил в виде скрипта vbox-enable-secure-rdp.sh , вы его можете скачать так:

И все (кроме генерации хеша и сертификатов) предыдущие команды заменяются одним вызовом:

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Virtualbox rdp настройка linux

Oracle VM VirtualBox can display virtual machines remotely, meaning that a virtual machine can execute on one computer even though the machine will be displayed on a second computer, and the machine will be controlled from there as well, as if the virtual machine was running on that second computer.

For maximum flexibility, Oracle VM VirtualBox implements remote machine display through a generic extension interface called the VirtualBox Remote Desktop Extension (VRDE). The base open source Oracle VM VirtualBox package only provides this interface, while implementations can be supplied by third parties with Oracle VM VirtualBox extension packages, which must be installed separately from the base package. See Section 1.5, “Installing Oracle VM VirtualBox and Extension Packs”.

Oracle provides support for the VirtualBox Remote Display Protocol (VRDP) in such an Oracle VM VirtualBox extension package.

VRDP is a backwards-compatible extension to Microsoft’s Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). As a result, you can use any standard RDP client to control the remote VM.

Even when the extension is installed, the VRDP server is disabled by default. It can easily be enabled on a per-VM basis either in the VirtualBox Manager in the Display settings, see Section 3.6, “Display Settings”, or with the VBoxManage command, as follows:

By default, the VRDP server uses TCP port 3389 . You will need to change the default port if you run more than one VRDP server, since the port can only be used by one server at a time. You might also need to change it on Windows hosts since the default port might already be used by the RDP server that is built into Windows itself. Ports 5000 through 5050 are typically not used and might be a good choice.

The port can be changed either in the Display settings of the graphical user interface or with the —vrdeport option of the VBoxManage modifyvm command. You can specify a comma-separated list of ports or ranges of ports. Use a dash between two port numbers to specify a range. The VRDP server will bind to one of the available ports from the specified list. For example, VBoxManage modifyvm VM-name —vrdeport 5000,5010-5012 configures the server to bind to one of the ports 5000, 5010, 5011, or 5012. See Section 8.8, “VBoxManage modifyvm”.

The actual port used by a running VM can be either queried with the VBoxManage showvminfo command or seen in the GUI on the Runtime tab of the Session Information dialog, which is accessible from the Machine menu of the VM window.

Oracle VM VirtualBox supports IPv6. If the host OS supports IPv6 the VRDP server will automatically listen for IPv6 connections in addition to IPv4.

7.1.1. Common Third-Party RDP Viewers

Since VRDP is backwards-compatible to RDP, you can use any standard RDP viewer to connect to such a remote virtual machine. For this to work, you must specify the IP address of your host system, not of the virtual machine, as the server address to connect to. You must also specify the port number that the VRDP server is using.

The following examples are for the most common RDP viewers:

On Windows, you can use the Microsoft Terminal Services Connector, mstsc.exe , that is included with Windows. Press the Windows key + R, to display the Run dialog. Enter mstsc to start the program. You can also find the program in Start , All Programs , Accessories , Remote Desktop Connection . If you use the Run dialog, you can enter options directly. For example:

Replace 1.2.3.4 with the host IP address, and 3389 with a different port, if necessary.

IPv6 addresses must be enclosed in square brackets to specify a port. For example: mstsc [fe80::1:2:3:4]:3389

When connecting to localhost in order to test the connection, the addresses localhost and 127.0.0.1 might not work using mstsc.exe . Instead, the address 127.0.0.2[:3389] has to be used.

On other systems, you can use the standard open source rdesktop program. This ships with most Linux distributions, but Oracle VM VirtualBox also comes with a modified variant of rdesktop for remote USB support. See Section 7.1.4, “Remote USB”.

With rdesktop , use a command line such as the following:

Replace 1.2.3.4 with the host IP address, and 3389 with a different port, if necessary. The -a 16 option requests a color depth of 16 bits per pixel, which we recommend. For best performance, after installation of the guest operating system, you should set its display color depth to the same value. The -N option enables use of the NumPad keys.

You can use the Remmina remote desktop client with VRDP. This application is included with some Linux distributions, such as Debian and Ubuntu.

If you run the KDE desktop, you can use krdc , the KDE RDP viewer. A typical command line is as follows:

Replace 1.2.3.4 with the host IP address, and 3389 with a different port, if necessary. The rdp:// prefix is required with krdc to switch it into RDP mode.

With Sun Ray thin clients you can use uttsc , which is part of the Sun Ray Windows Connector package. See the Sun Ray documentation for details.

7.1.2. VBoxHeadless, the Remote Desktop Server

While any VM started from the VirtualBox Manager is capable of running virtual machines remotely, it is not convenient to have to run the full GUI if you never want to have VMs displayed locally in the first place. In particular, if you are running server hardware whose only purpose is to host VMs, and all your VMs are supposed to run remotely over VRDP, then it is pointless to have a graphical user interface on the server at all. This is especially true for Linux or Oracle Solaris hosts, as the VirtualBox Manager comes with dependencies on the Qt and SDL libraries. This is inconvenient if you would rather not have the X Window system on your server at all.

Oracle VM VirtualBox therefore comes with a front-end called VBoxHeadless , which produces no visible output on the host at all, but still can optionally deliver VRDP data. This front-end has no dependencies on the X Window system on Linux and Oracle Solaris hosts.

In legacy releases of Oracle VM VirtualBox, the headless server was called VBoxVRDP . For backwards compatibility, the Oracle VM VirtualBox installation still includes an executable with that name.

To start a virtual machine with VBoxHeadless , you have the following options:

Use the VBoxManage command, as follows:

The —type option causes Oracle VM VirtualBox to use VBoxHeadless as the front-end to the internal virtualization engine, instead of the Qt front-end.

Use the VBoxHeadless command, as follows:

This way of starting the VM helps troubleshooting problems reported by VBoxManage startvm , because you can sometimes see more detailed error messages, especially for early failures before the VM execution is started. In normal situations VBoxManage startvm is preferred, since it runs the VM directly as a background process which has to be done explicitly when directly starting with VBoxHeadless . The full documentation of the command is in Section 7.3, “VBoxHeadless”.

Start VBoxHeadless from the VirtualBox Manager GUI, by pressing the Shift key when starting a virtual machine or by selecting Headless Start from the Machine menu.

When you use the VBoxHeadless command to start a VM, the VRDP server will be enabled according to the VM configuration. You can override the VM’s setting using —vrde command line parameter. To enable the VRDP server, start the VM as follows:

To disable the VRDP server:

To have the VRDP server enabled depending on the VM configuration, as for other front-ends:

This command is the same as the following:

If you start the VM with VBoxManage startvm then the configuration settings of the VM are always used.

7.1.3. Step by Step: Creating a Virtual Machine on a Headless Server

The following instructions describe how to create a virtual machine on a headless server over a network connection. This example creates a virtual machine, establishes an RDP connection and installs a guest operating system. All of these tasks are done without having to touch the headless server. You need the following prerequisites:

Oracle VM VirtualBox on a server machine with a supported host operating system. The Oracle VM VirtualBox Extension Pack for the VRDP server must be installed, see Section 7.1, “Remote Display (VRDP Support)”. The procedures assume a Linux server is used.

An ISO file accessible from the server, containing the installation data for the guest operating system to install. Windows XP is used in the example.

A terminal connection to that host through which you can access a command line, such as ssh .

An RDP viewer on the remote client. See Section 7.1.1, “Common Third-Party RDP Viewers” for examples.

Note that on the server machine, since we will only use the headless server, Qt and the X Window system are not required.

On the headless server, create a new virtual machine. For example:

If you do not specify —register , you will have to manually use the registervm command later.

You do not need to specify —ostype , but doing so selects some sensible default values for certain VM parameters. For example, the RAM size and the type of the virtual network device. To get a complete list of supported operating systems you can use the following command:

Make sure the settings for the VM are appropriate for the guest operating system that we will install. For example:

Create a virtual hard disk for the VM. For example, to create a 10 GB virtual hard disk:

Add an IDE Controller to the new VM. For example:

Set the VDI file you created as the first virtual hard disk of the new VM. For example:

Attach the ISO file that contains the operating system installation that you want to install later to the virtual machine. This is done so that the VM can boot from it.

Enable the VirtualBox Remote Desktop Extension, the VRDP server, as follows:

Start the virtual machine using the VBoxHeadless command:

If the configuration steps worked, you should see a copyright notice. If you are returned to the command line, then something did not work correctly.

On the client machine, start the RDP viewer and connect to the server. See Section 7.1.1, “Common Third-Party RDP Viewers” for details of how to use various common RDP viewers.

The installation routine of your guest operating system should be displayed in the RDP viewer.

7.1.4. Remote USB

As a special feature additional to the VRDP support, Oracle VM VirtualBox also supports remote USB devices over the wire. That is, an Oracle VM VirtualBox guest that runs on one computer can access the USB devices of the remote computer on which the VRDP data is being displayed the same way as USB devices that are connected to the actual host. This enables running of virtual machines on an Oracle VM VirtualBox host that acts as a server, where a client can connect from elsewhere that needs only a network adapter and a display capable of running an RDP viewer. When USB devices are plugged into the client, the remote Oracle VM VirtualBox server can access them.

For these remote USB devices, the same filter rules apply as for other USB devices. See Section 3.11.1, “USB Settings”. All you have to do is specify Remote, or Any, when setting up these rules.

Accessing remote USB devices is only possible if the RDP client supports this extension. On Linux and Oracle Solaris hosts, the Oracle VM VirtualBox installation provides a suitable VRDP client called rdesktop-vrdp . Some versions of uttsc , a client tailored for the use with Sun Ray thin clients, also support accessing remote USB devices. RDP clients for other platforms will be provided in future Oracle VM VirtualBox versions.

To make a remote USB device available to a VM, rdesktop-vrdp should be started as follows:

See Section 12.7.5, “USB Not Working” for further details on how to properly set up the permissions for USB devices. Furthermore it is advisable to disable automatic loading of any host driver on the remote host which might work on USB devices to ensure that the devices are accessible by the RDP client. If the setup was properly done on the remote host, plug and unplug events are visible in the VBox.log file of the VM.

7.1.5. RDP Authentication

For each virtual machine that is remotely accessible using RDP, you can individually determine if and how client connections are authenticated. For this, use the VBoxManage modifyvm command with the —vrdeauthtype option. See Section 8.8, “VBoxManage modifyvm”. The following methods of authentication are available:

The null method means that there is no authentication at all. Any client can connect to the VRDP server and thus the virtual machine. This is very insecure and only to be recommended for private networks.

The external method provides external authentication through a special authentication library. Oracle VM VirtualBox ships with two special authentication libraries:

The default authentication library, VBoxAuth , authenticates against user credentials of the hosts. Depending on the host platform, this means the following:

On Linux hosts, VBoxAuth.so authenticates users against the host’s PAM system.

On Windows hosts, VBoxAuth.dll authenticates users against the host’s WinLogon system.

On Mac OS X hosts, VBoxAuth.dylib authenticates users against the host’s directory service.

In other words, the external method by default performs authentication with the user accounts that exist on the host system. Any user with valid authentication credentials is accepted. For example, the username does not have to correspond to the user running the VM.

An additional library called VBoxAuthSimple performs authentication against credentials configured in the extradata section of a virtual machine’s XML settings file. This is probably the simplest way to get authentication that does not depend on a running and supported guest. The following steps are required:

Enable VBoxAuthSimple with the following command:

To enable the library for a particular VM, you must switch authentication to external, as follows:

Replace VM-name with the VM name or UUID.

You then need to configure users and passwords by writing items into the machine’s extradata. Since the XML machine settings file, into whose extradata section the password needs to be written, is a plain text file, Oracle VM VirtualBox uses hashes to encrypt passwords. The following command must be used:

Replace VM-name with the VM name or UUID, user with the user name who should be allowed to log in and hash with the encrypted password. The following command example obtains the hash value for the password secret :

You then use VBoxManage setextradata to store this value in the machine’s extradata section.

As a combined example, to set the password for the user john and the machine My VM to secret , use this command:

The guest authentication method performs authentication with a special component that comes with the Guest Additions. As a result, authentication is not performed on the host, but with the guest user accounts.

This method is currently still in testing and not yet supported.

In addition to the methods described above, you can replace the default external authentication module with any other module. For this, Oracle VM VirtualBox provides a well-defined interface that enables you to write your own authentication module. This is described in detail in the Oracle VM VirtualBox Software Development Kit (SDK) reference. See Chapter 11, Oracle VM VirtualBox Programming Interfaces.

7.1.6. RDP Encryption

RDP features data stream encryption, which is based on the RC4 symmetric cipher, with keys up to 128-bit. The RC4 keys are replaced at regular intervals, every 4096 packets.

RDP provides the following different authentication methods:

RDP 4 authentication was used historically. With RDP 4, the RDP client does not perform any checks in order to verify the identity of the server it connects to. Since user credentials can be obtained using a man in the middle (MITM) attack, RDP4 authentication is insecure and should generally not be used.

RDP 5.1 authentication employs a server certificate for which the client possesses the public key. This way it is guaranteed that the server possess the corresponding private key. However, as this hard-coded private key became public some years ago, RDP 5.1 authentication is also insecure.

RDP 5.2 or later authentication uses Enhanced RDP Security, which means that an external security protocol is used to secure the connection. RDP 4 and RDP 5.1 use Standard RDP Security. The VRDP server supports Enhanced RDP Security with TLS protocol and, as a part of the TLS handshake, sends the server certificate to the client.

The Security/Method VRDE property sets the desired security method, which is used for a connection. Valid values are as follows:

Negotiate. Both Enhanced (TLS) and Standard RDP Security connections are allowed. The security method is negotiated with the client. This is the default setting.

RDP. Only Standard RDP Security is accepted.

TLS. Only Enhanced RDP Security is accepted. The client must support TLS.

The version of OpenSSL used by Oracle VM VirtualBox supports TLS versions 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3.

For example, the following command enables a client to use either Standard or Enhanced RDP Security connection:

If the Security/Method property is set to either Negotiate or TLS, the TLS protocol will be automatically used by the server, if the client supports TLS. However, in order to use TLS the server must possess the Server Certificate, the Server Private Key and the Certificate Authority (CA) Certificate. The following example shows how to generate a server certificate.

Create a CA self signed certificate.

Generate a server private key and a request for signing.

Generate the server certificate.

The server must be configured to access the required files. For example:

As the client that connects to the server determines what type of encryption will be used, with rdesktop , the Linux RDP viewer, use the -4 or -5 options.

7.1.7. Multiple Connections to the VRDP Server

The VRDP server of Oracle VM VirtualBox supports multiple simultaneous connections to the same running VM from different clients. All connected clients see the same screen output and share a mouse pointer and keyboard focus. This is similar to several people using the same computer at the same time, taking turns at the keyboard.

The following command enables multiple connection mode:

7.1.8. Multiple Remote Monitors

To access two or more remote VM displays you have to enable the VRDP multiconnection mode. See Section 7.1.7, “Multiple Connections to the VRDP Server”.

The RDP client can select the virtual monitor number to connect to using the domain login parameter ( -d ). If the parameter ends with @ followed by a number, Oracle VM VirtualBox interprets this number as the screen index. The primary guest screen is selected with @1 , the first secondary screen is @2 , and so on.

The Microsoft RDP 6 client does not let you specify a separate domain name. Instead, enter domain \ username in the Username field. For example, @2\ name . name must be supplied, and must be the name used to log in if the VRDP server is set up to require credentials. If it is not, you may use any text as the username.

7.1.9. VRDP Video Redirection

The VRDP server can redirect video streams from the guest to the RDP client. Video frames are compressed using the JPEG algorithm allowing a higher compression ratio than standard RDP bitmap compression methods. It is possible to increase the compression ratio by lowering the video quality.

The VRDP server automatically detects video streams in a guest as frequently updated rectangular areas. As a result, this method works with any guest operating system without having to install additional software in the guest. In particular, the Guest Additions are not required.

On the client side, however, currently only the Windows 7 Remote Desktop Connection client supports this feature. If a client does not support video redirection, the VRDP server falls back to regular bitmap updates.

The following command enables video redirection:

The quality of the video is defined as a value from 10 to 100 percent, representing a JPEG compression level, where lower numbers mean lower quality but higher compression. The quality can be changed using the following command:

7.1.10. VRDP Customization

You can disable display output, mouse and keyboard input, audio, remote USB, or clipboard individually in the VRDP server.

The following commands change the corresponding server settings:

To reenable a feature, use a similar command without the trailing 1. For example:

7.2. Teleporting

Oracle VM VirtualBox supports teleporting . Teleporting is moving a virtual machine over a network from one Oracle VM VirtualBox host to another, while the virtual machine is running. This works regardless of the host operating system that is running on the hosts. You can teleport virtual machines between Oracle Solaris and Mac OS X hosts, for example.

Teleporting requires that a machine be currently running on one host, which is called the source . The host to which the virtual machine will be teleported is called the target . The machine on the target is then configured to wait for the source to contact the target. The machine’s running state will then be transferred from the source to the target with minimal downtime.

Teleporting happens over any TCP/IP network. The source and the target only need to agree on a TCP/IP port which is specified in the teleporting settings.

At this time, there are a few prerequisites for this to work, as follows:

On the target host, you must configure a virtual machine in Oracle VM VirtualBox with exactly the same hardware settings as the machine on the source that you want to teleport. This does not apply to settings which are merely descriptive, such as the VM name, but obviously for teleporting to work, the target machine must have the same amount of memory and other hardware settings. Otherwise teleporting will fail with an error message.

The two virtual machines on the source and the target must share the same storage, hard disks as well as floppy disks and CD/DVD images. This means that they either use the same iSCSI targets or that the storage resides somewhere on the network and both hosts have access to it using NFS or SMB/CIFS.

This also means that neither the source nor the target machine can have any snapshots.

To configure teleporting, perform the following steps:

On the target host, configure the virtual machine to wait for a teleport request to arrive when it is started, instead of actually attempting to start the machine. This is done with the following VBoxManage command:

targetvmname is the name of the virtual machine on the target host and port is a TCP/IP port number to be used on both the source and the target hosts. For example, use 6000. See Section 8.8, “VBoxManage modifyvm”.

Start the VM on the target host. Instead of running, the VM shows a progress dialog, indicating that it is waiting for a teleport request to arrive.

Start the VM on the source host as usual. When it is running and you want it to be teleported, issue the following command on the source host:

where sourcevmname is the name of the virtual machine on the source host, which is the machine that is currently running. targethost is the host or IP name of the target host on which the machine is waiting for the teleport request, and port must be the same number as specified in the command on the target host. See Section 8.13, “VBoxManage controlvm”.

For testing, you can also teleport machines on the same host. In that case, use localhost as the hostname on both the source and the target host.

In rare cases, if the CPUs of the source and the target are very different, teleporting can fail with an error message, or the target may hang. This may happen especially if the VM is running application software that is highly optimized to run on a particular CPU without correctly checking that certain CPU features are actually present. Oracle VM VirtualBox filters what CPU capabilities are presented to the guest operating system. Advanced users can attempt to restrict these virtual CPU capabilities with the VBoxManage modifyvm —cpuid command. See Section 8.8, “VBoxManage modifyvm”.

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