What did linus torvalds use to write the linux kernel ответы

Содержание

Task 12. Find the answers to these questions in the following text
Read and translate the text. Linux has its roots in student project
hernad / eng_ii_parc2_fernala.txt

Task 12. Find the answers to these questions in the following text

1. What did Linus Torvalds use to write the Linux kernel?

2. How was the Linux kernel first made available to the general public?

3. What is a programmer likely to do with source code?

4. Why will most software companies not sell you their source code?

5. What type of utilities and applications are provided in a Linux distribution?

7. What graphical user interfaces are mentioned in the text?

TEXT 5B. LINUX

Linux has its roots in a student project. In 1992, an undergraduate called Linus Torvalds was studying computer science in Helsinki, Finland. Like most computer science courses, a big component of it was taught on (and about) Unix. Unix was the wonder operating system of the 1970s and 1980s: both a textbook example of the principles of operating system design, and sufficiently robust to be the standard OS in engineering and scientific computing. But Unix was a commercial product (licensed by ATE&T to a number of resellers), and cost more than a student could pay.

Annoyed by the shortcomings of Minix (a compact Unix clone written as a teaching aid by Professor Andy Tannenbaum) Linus set out to write his own ‘kernel’ — the core of an operating system that handles memory allocation, talks to hardware devices, and makes sure everything keeps running. He used the GNU programming tools developed by Richard Stallman’s Free Software Foundation, an organisation of volunteers dedicated to fulfilling Stallman’s ideal of making good software that anyone could use without paying. When he’d written a basic kernel, he released the source code to the Linux kernel on the Internet.

Source code is important. It’s the original from which compiled programs are generated. If you don’t have the source code to a program, you can’t modify it to fix bugs or add new features. Most software companies won’t sell you their source code, or will only do so for an eye-watering price, because they believe that if they make it available it will destroy their revenue stream.

What happened next was astounding, from the conventional, commercial software industry point of view — and utterly predictable to anyone who knew about the Free Software Foundation. Programmers (mostly academics and students) began using Linux. They found that it didn’t do things they wanted it to do – so they fixed it. And where they improved it, they sent the improvements to Linus, who rolled them into the kernel. And Linux began to grow.

There’s a term for this model of software development; it’s called Open Source (see www.opensource.org/ for more information).

Anyone can have the source code – it’s free (in the sense of free speech, not free beer). Anyone can contribute to it.

If you use it heavily you may want to extend or develop or fix bugs in it — and it is so easy to give your fixes back to the community that most people do so.

An operating system kernel on its own isn’t a lot of use; but Linux was purposefully designed as a near-clone of Unix, and there is a lot of software out there that is free and was designed to compile on Linux. By about 1992, the first ‘distributions’ appeared.

A distribution is the Linux-user term for a complete operating system kit, complete with the utilities and applications you need to make it do useful things – command interpreters, programming tools, text editors, typesetting tools, and graphical user interfaces based on the X windowing system. X is a standard in academic and scientific computing, but not hitherto common on PCs; it’s a complex distributed windowing system on which people implement graphical interfaces like KDE and Gnome.

As more and more people got to know about Linux, some of them began to port the Linux kernel to run on non-standard computers. Because it’s free, Linux is now the most widely-ported operating system there is.

studopedia.org — Студопедия.Орг — 2014-2021 год. Студопедия не является автором материалов, которые размещены. Но предоставляет возможность бесплатного использования (0.002 с) .

Источник

Read and translate the text. Linux has its roots in student project

Linux

Linux has its roots in student project. In 1992, an undergraduate called Linus Torvalds was studying computer science in Helsinki, Finland. Like most computer science courses, a big component of it was taught on (and about) Unix. Unix was the wonder operating system of the 1970s and 1980s: both a textbook example of the principles of operating system design, and sufficiently robust to be the standard OS in engineering and scientific computing. But Unix was a commercial product (licensed by AT&T to a number of resellers), and cost more than a student could pay.

What happened next was astounding, from the conventional, commercial software industry point of view – and utterly predictable to anyone who knew about the Free Software Foundation. Programmers (mostly academics and students) began using Linux.They found that it didn’t do things they wanted it to do – sothey fixed it. And where they improved it, they sent the improvements to Linus, who rolled them into the kernel. And Linux began to grow.

There’s a term for this model of software development; it’s called Open Source (sec www.opensource.org/ for more information). Anyone can have the source code — it’s free (in the sense of free speech, not free beer). Anyone can contribute to it. If you use it heavily you may want to extend or develop or fix bugs in it – andit is so easy to give your fixes back to the community that most people do so.

A distribution is the Linux-user term for a complete operating system kit, complete with the utilities and applications you need to makeit do useful things — command interpreters, programming tools, text editors, typesetting tools, and graphical user interfaces based on the X windowing system. X is a standard in academic and scientific computing, but not hitherto common on PCs; it’s a complex distributed windowing system on which people implement graphical interfaces like KDE and Gnome.

7. Read the text again and answer the questions:

1. What did Linus Torvalds use to write the Linux kernel?

2. How was the Linux kernel first made available to the general public?

3. What is a programmer likely to do with source code?

4. Why will most software companies not sell you their source code?

5. What type of utilities and applications are provided in a Linux distribution?

7. What graphical user interfaces are mentioned in the text?

Источник

hernad / eng_ii_parc2_fernala.txt

Fernaline bilješke:

1. What did Linus Torvalds use to write the Linux kernel?

He used the GNU programming tools developed by Richard Stallman’s Free Software Foundation, an organization of volunteers dedicated to fulfilling Stallman’s ideal of making good software that anyone could use without paying.

2. How was the Linux kernel become first made available to the general public?

When Linus had written a basic kernel, he released the source code to the Linux kernel on the Internet.

3. What is a programmer likely to do with source code?

Source code is important. It’s the original from which compiled programs are generated.

4. Why will most software companies not sell you their source code?

Because they believe that if they make it available it will destroy their revenue stream.

5. What type of utilities and applications are provided in a Linux distribution?

6. What is X?

X is a standard in academic and scientific computing, but not common on PCs; it’s complex distributed windowing system on which people implement graphical interfaces.

7. What graphical user interfaces are mentioned in the text?

KDE and Gnome.

OPEN SOURCE

A type of software development where any programmer can develop or fix bugs in the software

SOURCE CODE

The original systems programs from which compiled programs are generated

A DISTRIBUTION

A complete operating system kit with the utilities and applications you need to make it do useful things.

A standard distributed windowing system on which people implement graphical interfaces

FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION

An organization of volunteers dedicated to making good software that anyone could use without paying

KERNEL

The core of an operating system that handles memory allocation and talks to hardware devices and makes sure everything keeps running

Is Linux better than Windows?

1. It’s free. legally free.

2. Almost every useful application you would ever want to run on Linux is free.

3. Performance. Linux almost never forces you to upgrade your hardware, and it always runs better on older hardware than windows.

4. Simplicity. Yes simplicity. Most young people think Windows is easy because that’s what they grew up with and had the most exposure to. That’s like someone in the US saying English is the simplest language.

5. The choices. the free choices, are endless. What file system do you want to use, what do you want installed or not installed on your system, what graphical interface do you want to use and how do you want to configure it, which pdf viewer do you want to use, etc. Windows will never be that flexible.

Preemptive multitasking ensure smooth and fair sharing of the computer resources between applications and users, even under the heaviest of loads.

1. What does BSD stand for?

Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD, sometimes called Berkeley Unix)

2. What is one of the contrasts between Free BSD and Linux?

FreeBSD is developed as a complete operating system. The kernel, device drivers and all of the utilities are held in the same source code revision tracking tree (CVS).

This is in contrast to Linux, in which the kernel is developed by one set of developers; utilities and applications by others, such as the GNU project; and all are packaged together by other groups and published as Linux distributions.

3. List some of the main features of Free BSD.

Preemptive multitasking

Multi-user facilities

Strong TCP/IP networking

Memory protection

X Window System

Binary compatibility

Thousands of ready-to-run applications

Thousands of additional and easy-to-port applications

4. What is binary compatibility?

Binary compatibility is when a computer can run the same binary code intended to be run on another computer.

5. List some of more common uses of Free BSD.

File and print sharing

Web serving

Email services

Routing, DNS services, and Internet sharing

Database solutions

Custom solutions

6. What would you say is the «real strength» of FreeBSD?

The real strength in FreeBSD is that it can do all things at once (file and print sharing, web serving, email services, routing. ).

1. What are the two families of Mac operating systems?

— «Classic» Mac OS,

— The newer Mac OS X

2. What is Mac OS often credited with?

Mac OS is often credited with popularizing the graphical user interface.

3. What does the X refer to in the name of Mac OS X?

«X» refers to the Roman numeral and is officially pronounced «ten», continuing the numbering of previous Macintosh operating systems such as Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9.

4. What is specific about classic Mac OS?

The «classic» Mac OS is characterized by its total lack of a command line; it is a completely graphical operating system.

5. What is classic Mac OS criticized for?

It is criticized for its single-tasking (in early versions) or cooperative multitasking (in later versions), very limited memory management, lack of protected memory, and susceptibility to conflicts among «extensions» that extend the operating system, providing additional functionality (such as networking) or support for a particular device.

6. List some of Mac OS X features.

Pre-emptive multitasking

Memory protection

7. What is Aqua?

Aqua is new, revolutionary theme design introduced with MAC OS X.

8. What is Xcode?

Xcode is a suite of tools for developing software on Mac OS X, developed by Apple.

ASP — application service provider is organization which provides remote access to the software and manages the hardware required to run the applications.

1. How do you pay for the applications provided by an ASP?

You pay for applications as and when you need them, rather than investing in a lot of costly software which you are then tied to for years.

2. What two main services does an ASP provide?

Providing applications and storage space.

3. How does an ASP ensure that they have enough storage space for the changing needs of customers?

They lease space from data storage specialists.

4. What types of applications are available from ASPs?

There’s a wide variety of applications available for use via ASPs. Office suite applications and email services are two of the most generic applications available through ASPs.

Large, complex business applications such as enterprise resource planning tools like SAP are another popular candidate for delivery through an ASP.

5. Why is it useful for a small business to be able to rent specialist tools from an ASP?

Small business have the opportunity to use such tools for short periods of time as and when they need them, rather that having to buy the software as a permanent investment.

6. What is one of the best-established areas of ASP use?

e-commerce business

Office suite — Set of standard programs used in an office

DATA Center — Facility for storing large amounts of information

Bandwith — Capacity of a network connection

Broadband — High capacity Internet connection

Virus — Self-replicating program

SAP — Common enterprise resource planning tool

Website — Collection of related web pages

1. What is desktop publishing?

Desktop publishing (also known as DTP) is a digital process of combining text with visuals and graphics to create books, brochures, newsletters, calendars, logos and other published work with a computer.

2. List some of the most popular DTP software.

QuarkXPress, Adobe InDesign, the free Scribus, Microsoft Publisher, or Apple Pages

3. When and how did DTP begin?

Desktop publishing began in 1985 with the introduction of PageMaker software from Aldus and the LaserWriter printer from Apple Computer for the Apple Macintosh computer.

4. What activities are usually performed by desktop publishers?

Desktop publishers use a computer and appropriate software to enter and select formatting properties, such as the size and style of type, column width, and spacing.

5. What was the turning point in the development of desktop publishing?

The turning point in the development of desktop publishing was the introduction of Quark XPress in the 1990s and an ever increasing number of digital typefaces.

6. How can desktop publishers also be called?

Desktop publishers also may be called publications specialists, electronic publishers, DTP operators, desktop publishing editors, electronic prepress technicians, electronic publishing specialists, image designers, typographers, compositors, layout artists, and Web publications designers. The exact name may vary by the specific tasks performed or simply by personal preference.

You can’t perform that action at this time.

You signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session. You signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.

Источник