What is git repository in linux

2.1 Git Basics — Getting a Git Repository

If you can read only one chapter to get going with Git, this is it. This chapter covers every basic command you need to do the vast majority of the things you’ll eventually spend your time doing with Git. By the end of the chapter, you should be able to configure and initialize a repository, begin and stop tracking files, and stage and commit changes. We’ll also show you how to set up Git to ignore certain files and file patterns, how to undo mistakes quickly and easily, how to browse the history of your project and view changes between commits, and how to push and pull from remote repositories.

Getting a Git Repository

You typically obtain a Git repository in one of two ways:

You can take a local directory that is currently not under version control, and turn it into a Git repository, or

You can clone an existing Git repository from elsewhere.

In either case, you end up with a Git repository on your local machine, ready for work.

Initializing a Repository in an Existing Directory

If you have a project directory that is currently not under version control and you want to start controlling it with Git, you first need to go to that project’s directory. If you’ve never done this, it looks a little different depending on which system you’re running:

This creates a new subdirectory named .git that contains all of your necessary repository files — a Git repository skeleton. At this point, nothing in your project is tracked yet. See Git Internals for more information about exactly what files are contained in the .git directory you just created.

If you want to start version-controlling existing files (as opposed to an empty directory), you should probably begin tracking those files and do an initial commit. You can accomplish that with a few git add commands that specify the files you want to track, followed by a git commit :

We’ll go over what these commands do in just a minute. At this point, you have a Git repository with tracked files and an initial commit.

Cloning an Existing Repository

If you want to get a copy of an existing Git repository — for example, a project you’d like to contribute to — the command you need is git clone . If you’re familiar with other VCSs such as Subversion, you’ll notice that the command is «clone» and not «checkout». This is an important distinction — instead of getting just a working copy, Git receives a full copy of nearly all data that the server has. Every version of every file for the history of the project is pulled down by default when you run git clone . In fact, if your server disk gets corrupted, you can often use nearly any of the clones on any client to set the server back to the state it was in when it was cloned (you may lose some server-side hooks and such, but all the versioned data would be there — see Getting Git on a Server for more details).

You clone a repository with git clone . For example, if you want to clone the Git linkable library called libgit2 , you can do so like this:

That creates a directory named libgit2 , initializes a .git directory inside it, pulls down all the data for that repository, and checks out a working copy of the latest version. If you go into the new libgit2 directory that was just created, you’ll see the project files in there, ready to be worked on or used.

If you want to clone the repository into a directory named something other than libgit2 , you can specify the new directory name as an additional argument:

That command does the same thing as the previous one, but the target directory is called mylibgit .

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Как пользоваться GitHub на компьютере с Linux

GitHub — один из используемых сервисов размещения проектов для совместной разработки. Он поддерживает контроль версий, возможность отслеживания изменений кода, сравнение строк, а также он бесплатен.

В данной статье приведены примеры использования сервиса на компьютере под управлением операционных систем семейства Linux. Мы рассмотрим, как создать проект на локальном компьютере и залить его на сервис с помощью командной строки. Рассмотренные варианты использования git также можно применять на desktop системах, запустив окно терминала.

Установка git

Управление выполняется с помощью приложения git. Если его нет в системе, установку можно выполнить из репозитория.

Если используем CentOS / Red Hat:

yum install git-core

Если используем Ubuntu / Debian:

apt-get install git

Если мы хотим воспользоваться сервисом с компьютера Windows или Mac OS, необходимо скачать и установить desktop версию с официального сайта.

Синтаксис

Команды имеют следующий синтаксис:

* полный перечень опций, команд и аргументов можно получить командой man git.

Создание проекта на локальном компьютере

Прежде чем отправить проект на GitHub, создаем его на нашем компьютере. Для этого переходим в каталог с файлами проекта:

Инициализируем проект для git:

Мы получим ответ похожий на:

Initialized empty Git repository in /projects/.git/

Это означает, что репозиторий git создан.

Теперь добавим файлы в репозиторий:

* данной командой мы добавили папку и ее содержимое в репозиторий git.

Отправка данных на GitHub

Теперь можно отправить данные на сервис. Для этого у нас должна быть зарегистрированная учетная запись и создан репозиторий на GitHub.

Создание репозитория

Переходим на портал github.com и входим в систему или проходим несложную регистрацию:

Проходим процесс подтверждения, что мы не робот. Затем завершаем несколько шагов регистрации, нажимая Submit. В итоге мы получим письмо на адрес электронной почты, которую указали при регистрации. Необходимо будем подтвердить email, перейдя в письме по кнопке Verify email address.

Создаем репозиторий. Для этого кликаем по иконке профиля и переходим в раздел Your repositories:

И кликаем по кнопке New. В следующем окне даем название репозиторию и нажимаем Create repository:

Мы увидим страницу с путем к репозиторию:

Заливаем проект в репозиторий на GitHub

Добавляем комментарий к нашему проекту:

git commit -m «Очередное изменение проекта» -a

* где Очередное изменение проекта — произвольный комментарий; параметр -a указывает, что комментарий нужно применить ко всем измененным файлам.

Теперь подключаемся к созданному репозиторию:

git remote add origin https://github.com/dmosktest/project1.git

* где dmosktest — логин, который был указан при регистрации на github, а project1 — название, которое мы задали, когда создавали репозиторий.
* удалить удаленный репозиторий можно командой git remote rm origin.

Закидываем проект на GitHub:

git push origin master

* где master — ветка проекта (веток может быть несколько).

В нашем проекте на GitHub должны появиться файлы проекта:

Получение файлов с GitHub

Для загрузки на компьютер файлов, создаем каталог с проектом и переходим в него:

Проводим начальную настройку локального репозитория:

Подключаемся к удаленному репозиторию:

git remote add origin https://github.com/dmosktest/project1.git

Скачиваем проект командой:

git pull https://github.com/dmosktest/project1.git master

Клонирование проекта

Например, использую наш репозиторий:

git clone https://github.com/dmosktest/project1.git

* данная команда создаст в текущей папке каталог project1 и инициализирует его как локальный репозиторий git. Также загрузит файлы проекта.

Возможные ошибки

1. При попытке отправить данные на GitHub, получаем ошибку:

error: src refspec master does not match any.
error: failed to push some refs to ‘https://github.com/dmosktest/project1.git’

* где dmosktest/project1.git — путь к нашему репозиторию.

Причина: проект ни разу не был зафиксирован (закоммичен).

Решение: добавляем комментарий к нашему проекту:

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How to Create and Manage Your First Git Repository

Web Development Course:

Wherever you work, whether on your local computer or cloud, the files and changes must be saved somewhere. That is the reason why Git repository is one of the basic and most popular functions to use. Git repository, just like the name indicates, serves as a storage for all the changes and files that relate to a certain project. That is the shortest answer to the question of what is a repository.

Initializing Git repository is quite simple. However, if you want to learn how to work with Git repository properly, you must understand how and why files are stored there. Some Git repositories can be local, placed directly at your local computer. You can use an already existing directory as a repository for your Git files or create a brand new one.

If you work in a team or you are invited to make changes to a particular code, chances are you will need to access a remote Git repository. Git clone command or Git clone repository are the names for a command that create a local version for you of that remote Git repository so that you could create your own changes without any damage to the remote version.

In this tutorial, you will be explained how to clone a Git repository and how to initiate one from the very beginning.

Keep reading below!

Contents

Git Repository: Main Tips

• Git has a place called repository, sometimes shorten as repo, where your Git projects are stored.
• All changes in a project and versions of savedfiles are in its repository.
• Git clone command is used to create an identical copy of remote Git repository, but it can also be placed locally, on developer’s computer .

The Basics of Repository

What is a repository? To put it simply, it is a place where all the files of a certain project are placed. It can be both, either a remote storage space or a locally accessible directory. For instance, storage space in the cloud, an online host or local folder on your computer all can serve as repositories. In this particular folder, sometimes also abbreviated as a repo, Git saves all the files and project-related information, such as changes history.

There are two types of repositories — local and remote. Correspondingly, there are two options to work with Git: to start an entirely new project or join an already existing one.

How to Access Git Repository

One of the easiest ways to get a Git repository is to use a local directory. It must be free, i.e., not yet used for a version control system work.

Most of the work with Git is done locally. However, it is important to keep in mind that none of the files are tracked until a user asks Git to start doing so — that will make the files version-controlled. Initialising a repository is exactly a way to ask Git to enable version control on the files held in that repository.

How to Initialize Git Repository

To begin with Git repository, you have to go to the project’s that you intend to control directory. Here you have to run ‘git init’ command. This process is called initializing a repository.

This command creates a new Git repository. In general, it is used to initialize an empty new repository or convert an existing unversioned project into a Git repo.

You need a folder in which you will hold all the files of your project. One way to do it is simply manually. First of all, choose a location where you want to create a folder. In this example you can see how the «Git lessons» folder is created on the desktop:

That is done by typing this command into a new terminal window:

$ cd Desktop/Git lessons/
$ git init

Another way to do the same is by right-clicking your mouse, opening a Git bash and typing Git init.

You should see a message similar to this one with Git lesson folder created on Desktop:

Initialized empty Git repository in . /Desktop/Git lessons/.git/

Creating Git Repository in an Already Existing Directory

Instead of creating a brand new folder for your Git repository, you can overtake an already existing directory. How to initiate changes to that directory depends on which operating system you are using. In this particular example a directory is created here: user/my_new_project .

If you are using Windows, type:

For Mac OS:

For Linux:

You have indicated which directory you want to use. Now type in this command to initiate Git repository:

With the last command line, you make a new Git repository existing. Its subdirectory .git will have all the repository files. No changes are tracked yet, though — that will be covered in the other tutorial.

Important: If you want to start a version-control directory which was not empty before, first you need to start to track it and only then do an initial commit.

Adding Files to Git Repository

Adding more files to the Git repository you have created might be quite useful.

In order to do that you have to create a new Git repo with the command, you have just learned: $git init . After that you have to execute two other commands: add and commit. The full code should look like the following:
$ git init
$ git add —all
$ git commit -m ‘this message shows I have initiated a commit’

Note: It is important to leave messages when saving your files.

Getting to Know Your Git Repository

It is useful to know where you are while moving around the directories. You can check your location by typing this command into the terminal or Git Bash:

The result should be something similar to this location, depending on where your folders have been saved:

It is also essential to be able to check the current status of your repository. Running the following command in a newly created repository should provide you with similar answers from Git:

$ git status
On branch master
No commits yet
nothing to commit (create/copy files and use «git add» to track)

Cloning Remote Git Repository

Git clone repository is another useful command that developers often use at Git. It is quite common that you work on a shared project and the repository of it is placed somewhere remote. In this case to contribute to the code you might need to get your own clone of the repository. You will be explained here how to clone a Git repository to your local computer.

In order to clone Git repository you have to use git clone [url] command. For this example, a linkable Git repository is at GitHub. If you want to clone the linkable library, navigate to the directory where you want to have the copied Git repository and run this command with your folders names:

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