What is linux cloud server

CloudLinux — разделяй и властвуй

Одной из наиболее распространенных хостинговых услуг является так называемый виртуальный хостинг (англ. shared hosting), при котором множество веб-сайтов располагаются на одном сервере. Обычно каждый сайт занимает отдельную папку на сервере, но при этом для управления всем множеством сайтов используется единое ПО (веб-сервер, сервер баз данных и т.п.).

Shared hosting сопряжен с некоторыми техническими проблемами. Довольно часто имеет место ситуация, когда увеличение потребления ресурсов одним пользователем становится причиной замедления работы или даже недоступности всего сервера. Описанную проблему иногда называют «проблемой плохого соседа».

Одним из оптимальных решений описанной выше задачи является использование операционной системы CloudLinux, разработанной специально для хостинг-компаний. Клиенты, арендующие выделенные серверы, могут приобретать лицензии CloudLinux непосредственно у нас, не обращаясь к услугам сторонних компаний.

В чем заключаются преимущества использования CloudLinux?

Как уже было отмечено выше, при размещении множества сайтов на одном веб-сервере часто приходится сталкиваться с ситуацией, когда увеличение нагрузки на один сайт (например, при использовании плохо написанных приложений или в результате злонамеренных действий соседей) существенно замедляет или даже блокирует работу других. CloudLinux решает эту проблему путем изоляции всех пользователей друг от друга и ограничения потребления системных ресурсов. CloudLinux позволяет повысить уровень стабильности и безопасности, увеличить плотность размещения пользователей на серверах и снизить расходы на техническое обслуживание.

Какие технологии лежат в основе CloudLinux?

Разграничение ресурсов между пользователями осуществляется с помощью технологии LVE (Lightweight Virtual Environment). Она обеспечивает полную изоляцию процессов (приложений) каждого пользователя от других. Кроме того, для каждого пользователя можно установить следующие ограничения:

• на потребление мощности процессора;
• на ограничение числа используемых процессорных ядер;
• на использование физической памяти;
• на использование виртуальной памяти;
• на скорость дискового ввода-вывода;
• на количество одновременно выполняемых процессов;
• на создание новых процессов.

Помимо LVE CloudLinux включает в себя и другие инструменты для контроля над пользовтелями и ресурсами сервера.
Инструмент MySQL Governor позволяет контролировать и ограничивать использование общего для всех пользоветелей MySQL сервера баз данных. С его помощью можно создать своего рода «облачный MySQL», который несколько пользователей могут использовать одновременно, не мешая друг другу.

Инструмент CageFS (слово cage значит «клетка») создает для каждого пользователя свою собственную, изолированную от других пользователей и корневой ФС, виртуальную файловую систему. Это позволяет ограничить доступ процессов одного пользователя к данным других пользователей и самого сервера.

Если вы являетесь клиентом хостинг-провайдера, вы можете проверить, использует ли он CloudLinux, выполнив команду uname -a. На экран будут выведены название и версия ядра. Если в этом названии присутствуют буквы «lve», то ваш провайдер с большой долей вероятности использует CloudLinux.

Способы работы с CloudLinux

Изначально CloudLinux управляется с помощью интерфейса командной строки. Если вы предпочитаете использовать графический интерфейс (GUI), то систему можно интегрировать с такими панелями управления хостингом, как cPanel, Parallels Plesk, DirectAdmin, ISPManager, Webmin, Interworx. Никакой дополнительной настройки при этом не требуется.

Посмотреть, как выглядит интеграция с панелью управления на примере Plesk Panel, можно на скриншотах приведенных в спойлере.

После установки CloudLinux в списке плагинов Plesk появятся два плагина LVE Manager и CageFS.

Настройки CageFS: возможно включение и выключение плагина как для всех пользователей сразу, так и для каждого в отдельности.

Настройки ограничений клиентов в LVE Manager. Ограничения пользователя могут наследоваться от его сервис-плана или могут быть настроены индивидуально для каждого пользователя.

Текущая нагрузка по клиентам в LVE Manager.

Вкладка Packages (сервис-планы с терминологии Plesk) — пример интеграции тарифных планов в панели управления с ограничениями в LVE Manager.

Управление ограничениями для сервис-плана. Эти ограничения применятся для всех пользователей с таким сервис-планом.

Сколько стоит CloudLinux?

Селектел является официальным партнером CloudLinux, аренда лицензии доступна для выделенных серверов и серверов произвольной конфигурации по цене 400 руб/мес.

Услуга аренды лицензии CloudLinux отлично дополняет уже существующие наши услуги для организации хостинга: аренда выделенных серверов и аренда лицензий Parallels.

Вы можете установить CloudLinux как с помощью специалистов нашей службы техподдержки, так и самостоятельно. Техническая поддержка осуществляется непосредственно специалистами CloudLinux (в том числе и на русском языке) и уже включена в стоимость лицензии.

Для тех кто не может комментировать посты на Хабре, но хотел бы узнать больше о CloudLinux, приглашаем к нам в блог.

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Top Free Linux Cloud Servers to Test or Host Your Web Applications

If you want to test your web application or service, you need a Linux server. Thanks to the advancement of cloud computing, deploying preconfigured Linux server has become child’s play.

Moreover, many cloud server providers also offer free credits to try their platform. You can take advantage of these offers to deploy Linux servers and test your web application or service.

This not only helps in reducing costs, you also get the opportunity to figure out whether a certain platform suits your needs and skills or not.

Free Linux cloud servers

You should keep in mind that though some cloud servers offer hefty credits, they might have time restriction.

Please note that some links in this article are affiliate links.

Linode

Linux Handbook is official partner of Linode. Linux Handbook website is hosted on Linode. We also use Linode servers for testing and validating the tutorials we cover here.

You can deploy Linux servers of your choice (Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, SUSE, Arch, Slackware etc) within minutes and with a few clicks.

Not only that, with Linode Marketplace, you can deploy Linux servers preconfigured with a web-service like WordPress, WireGuard VPN, Discourse and more.

Want more? You also get to deploy Load Balancer, object storage, Kubernetes clusters among other DevOps focused tools.

You can also configure regular automatic backups for your servers.

Linode offers $60 free credit to Linux Handbook readers. Credits last for 60 days.

Digital Ocean

Digital Ocean is another good platform where you can get free cloud Linux server.

Like Linode, Digital Ocean is also developer focused. This means you can deploy bare Linux servers or preconfigured with a web service of your choice.

Kubernetes clusters, databases, load balancers, object storage, automatic backups and everything else you saw with Linode are also available in Digital Ocean.

Everything is click and deploy which makes your work much easier.

New Digital Ocean users get $100 free credits and the credits last for 60 days. You can sign up for Digital Ocean here.

Vultr

Another cloud server provider similar to Linode and Digital Ocean.

I use Vultr occasionally for deploying test servers for testing Linux tutorials.

They have micro-nodes with 10 GB SSD storage and 512 MB RAM for just $2.5 a month (or $0.004/hr). This is ideal for me when I want to avoid cost and don’t need high configuration Linux server.

You can deploy Linux server of your choice and you can also use their One Click Apps to deploy preconfigured servers.

Vultr offers $100 free credits to try out their platform and the credits are valid for 30 days. You can sign up for free Linux cloud server with Vultr here.

UpCloud

My other website, It’s FOSS, is hosted on UpCloud.

Unlike Linode and Digital Ocean, UpCloud doesn’t have a marketplace to allow you to deploy preconfigured web-services on Linux server.

However, they do have APIs available to easily integrate your app with UpCloud infrastructure.

You can deploy Linux servers of your choice within minutes and the Linux servers offered by UpCloud have superb performance thanks to their MaxIOPS block storage.

Automatic server backups are available to give you peace of mind.

You can get free Linux cloud servers on UpCloud with a credit line of $25. They are strict with free credits and free trials.

Google Cloud Platform

So far all the entries in this list of free cloud Linux servers are from medium players.

Bigger cloud players like Microsoft, Amazon, Alibaba and Google also offer free credits.

These big platform might be overwhelming and personally, I am averted to using corporate giants. I prefer to support smaller players given that they have good product and service.

Anyway, Google offers $300 credits to try out its Google Cloud Platform (GCP). The credits last for a year.

You see the difference here? Other smaller player are restricted to 2 months with hardly $100 free credits. And a giant like Google with deep pockets can afford such hefty offer to hurt its competitors.

Which free cloud Linux server do you use?

I shared my experience with cloud server providers here. I hope the free credits allow you to test some of these platforms.

What’s your choice of cloud service? Do you know some other reliable cloud server providers that offer free credits? Why not share it with the rest of us in the comment section?

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Best Free Cloud Services For Linux Desktop

Which is the best cloud storage service for Linux? Here, we list several free cloud storage services that you can use in Linux.

Now, before moving to the list of options, what should you look for in cloud storage services for Linux? Let me guess:

• Lots of free storage: After all, not all individuals can pay hefty amounts every month.
• Native Linux client: To synchronize files easily with the server without doing special tweaking or running scripts at regular intervals.
• Desktop clients for other desktop OS: i.e. Windows and macOS: Cross-platform support are always convenient.
• Mobile apps for Android and iOS: In today’s modern world, you need to be connected with multiple devices.

Considering these points, let’s see what the best cloud services for Linux are:

Best Cloud storage services for Linux

Note: The list is in no particular order of ranking.

1. Dropbox

There is simply no denying that Dropbox is a popular cloud storage service used by enterprises and professionals. One of the first few cloud storage service providers—Dropbox has kept innovating and introduced new features to become one of the best cloud services out there.

While it does not offer a lot of free storage, a sleek web interface and an excellent desktop client make it a smart choice for Linux users.

• 2 GB of free storage
• Excellent desktop client for Linux and other platforms
• Link sharing
• Collaboration
• Files can be viewed in the web interface itself
• Selective sync to save space on desktop
• Version control

• Only 2 GB of free storage is a downside

2. pCloud

pCloud is a Swiss-based offering. Switzerland is known for its strict privacy policies guarding the data of the individuals from snooping agencies.

Plenty of privacy-focused services like ProtonMail are based in Switzerland. It is focused on encryption and security. So, that is a good aspect of pCloud.

In addition to that, it also lets you choose your cloud storage location when you set up (EU or US). I don’t see a lot of cloud storage providers offering this choice, which is a unique offering.

Also, you can use pCloud to back up your entire Linux system. That’s another unique feature.

pCloud offers up to 10 GB of free storage for each sign up. You may need to install the mobile app and do a few things to unlock 10 GB free storage. Also, you can further increase it more by inviting friends, sharing links on social media, or through their referral/affiliate programs.

If you want to go for premium plan, I suggest going for the lifetime plan which is quite pocket-friendly. I use their 500 GB lifetime plan.

It has all the standard features such as file sharing and synchronization, selective syncing etc. On top of that, pCloud provides file versioning, data recovery up to 30 days.

pCloud also has native clients across platforms, including Linux of course. Linux client is easy to use and worked well in my limited testing on Linux Mint.

• 10 GB of free storage, extendable up to 20 GB
• A good working Linux client with GUI
• Allows collaboration by link sharing
• 30 Days backup for deleted files
• Unlimited file size upload
• Built-in audio and video player
• Mobile apps allow camera roll upload
• Backups from Dropbox, Google Drive etc
• 5 copies of files on different servers

• Client-side encryption is a premium feature

3. Mega

Mega has everything that you would expect in a hassle-free cloud service. It provides 20 GB of free storage to individual users out of the box and may offer you options to earn more free storage after you sign up.

Technically, that’s how the free plan works now. If you previously had an account, 50 GB storage space will be permanent for you.

In addition to that, it provides native clients for Linux and other platforms and has the end-to-end encryption by default. The native Linux client works fine and the sync across the device is seamless. You can also view and access your files in a web browser.

• 50 GB of free storage
• End to end encryption for free
• Native clients for Linux and other platforms such as Windows, Mac OS X, Android, iOS

• The business may undergo changes under the scrutiny of government authorities because it is a popular platform to store/share copyright or illegal materials.

4. Google Drive (with third-party desktop clients)

Google Drive is an incredibly popular service. It gives you 15 GB of free storage that is shared with your email, documents, and photos.

Despite repeated requests, tech giant Google has not bothered to create a native official Linux client for Google Drive. However, there are other ways to use Google Drive in Linux. That’s the reason why I included Google Drive in this list of cloud software for Linux.

• 15 GB of free storage
• Link sharing
• Collaboration
• Integrated with online office suite

• No official desktop client for Linux

5. Yandex Disk

Russian internet giant Yandex has everything that Google has. A search engine, analytics service, webmaster tool, email, web browser and a cloud storage service.

Yandex Disk offers 10 GB of free cloud storage on sign up. It has native clients for multiple platforms, including Linux. However, the official Linux client is only command line. You can get unofficial GUI client for Yandex disk though. File sharing via links is available as along with other standard cloud storage feature.

People who are already using Yandex services should give it a try.

• 10 GB of free storage, extendable up to 20 GB via referrals
• Mobile apps

• Only command line client available
• If you are averted to Russian technologies

6. Cozy

Cozy is a French company that gives you 5 GB of free cloud storage. In fact, Cozy is more than just a free cloud service. It’s a digital locker for securely keeping your bank statements, bills and health reimbursement.

You are probably already saving your important documents, tax receipts, identity cards, warranty receipts in the cloud. You scan these documents manually and then upload them to a cloud service. Cozy does all this for you automatically.

If you are a French resident, Cozy could be a lifesaver for managing all your documents. Cozy has something called an ‘app store.’ You can connect your Cozy account to numerous services such as your bank, your internet service provider, your insurance providers, and commercial stores like Darty, Leclerc, etc. You can also connect it with French income tax accounts.

Cozy fetches all the bills and invoices from the linked services and stores it in the cloud. You get all the documents in one place automatically.

Everything included, it also makes the core server stack open-source. You can check that out on GitHub if you’re curious.

• 10 GB of free storage
• Native Linux client in AppImage format
• Connects to various online services and automatically gets invoices and account statements
• Cross platform with mobile apps

• Could be confusing for a simple cloud service
• At present, the focus seems to be on French market

7. Seafile (can be self-hosted)

Seafile is a free and open source file hosting and collaboration platform. Apart from file hosting and sharing, you can also edit documents online. Seafile keeps versions of files and snapshots of folders so that they can be restored to a previous version.

Since it’s a multi-user collaboration platform, you can also set file permissions or lock a file for specific users. Audit logs are also available. Admins can also remote wipe data. All data transfers are protected via HTTPS/TLS protocol. Server-side data encryption is also a feature.

The free edition allows three users. If you need more than three users, you can either host it on your own server or pay for the services.

• Free and Open Source Software
• Native Linux client and mobile apps
• File versioning
• Document editing and collaboration

• Primarily aimed at enterprises
• Professional edition has a better feature set than the free community edition

8. Nextcloud (can be self-hosted)

Nextcloud is a free and open-source cloud storage and collaboration platform that you can install on your own server. It’s not entirely free if we consider that you don’t have a server in the first place. But, if you have one, you don’t need to spend anything more to use Nextcloud but only the expertise needed to configure and manage your self-hosted Nextcloud instance.

Nextcloud is a complete collaboration platform for small and medium-sized businesses. Apart from the cloud storage, you can also use Nextcloud for mails, contacts, calendars for users in your organization.

It’s a complete productivity suite that can be hosted on the servers of your organization. In fact, we at It’s FOSS use Nextcloud as well.

If you want help in self-hosting Nextcloud, you can reach out to our team at High On Cloud or go through a list of providers to help you get started with Nextcloud.

• Free and Open Source software
• Complete control on your data
• A complete productivity suite
• Useful for small and midsize organizations as well as individuals

• Not a managed cloud service
• No free tier from Nextcloud, some third-party
• You’ll need your own server and manage it manually

9. OneDrive (using third-party clients)

If you work with Microsoft 365 apps on the web browser, you will probably like the option of using OneDrive better than others.

Even though it just gives 5 GB of free storage, you have Skype and other Microsoft 365 app services included with paid plans if you need it for work. Officially, there’s no native Linux client, but you can refer to our guide and use OneDrive on Linux flawlessly.

Pros

• Microsoft 365 services integration
• Collaboration
• Link sharing

Cons

• No official native Linux client
• Not a lot of free storage

10. Icedrive

Icedrive can be a suitable alternative to MEGA where you get client-side encryption enabled by default for all premium plans. To start with, you get 10 GB of free storage.

Icedrive claims to constantly add new features and security improvements to the platform to stay out of the crowd. Also, it offers you a 14-day money back policy to test drive the premium service before you make up your mind.

It’s premium, lifetime plans are also very pocket friendly with 1 TB of cloud storage for just $149.

For Linux, it offers a GUI client in the form of an AppImage file or a snap package. This way, you can access your files from your desktop. It’s not the same as its Windows counterpart, though.

Honorable Mention

Hubic is a cloud service from French company OVH. Hubic also offers 25 GB of free cloud storage at sign up. You can further extend it to 50GB (for free users) by referring it to friends.

Hubic has a Linux client which is in beta (for over two years now). Hubic has an official Linux client but it is limited to command line. I did not go on to test the mobile versions.

Hubic boasts of some nice features though. Apart from simple to use interface, file sharing etc, it has a Backup feature where you can archive your important files regularly.

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