What linux is knoppix

Национальная библиотека им. Н. Э. Баумана
Bauman National Library

Персональные инструменты

Knoppix

Разработчик Klaus Knopper Линейка ОС UNIX-подобная Состояние разработки Current Исходный код Open source Дата первого релиза 30 September 2000 года ; 21 years ago ( 2000-09-30 ) Последний релиз 7.7.1 / 27 October 2016 года ; 4 years ago ( 2016-10-27 ) Доступно в German and English Метод обновления apt (advanced packaging tool) (front-ends available) Cистема управления пакетами dpkg Ядро (тип) Монолитное ядро (Linux) Пользовательское
пространство GNU Core Utilities По умолчанию
пользовательский
интерфейс LXDE (previously KDE) Лицензия Free software licenses
(mainly GNU GPL) [1] Официальный веб-сайт www .knopper .net /knoppix /index-en .html

Knoppix («но́ппикс») — дистрибутив операционной системы Linux, один из первых LiveCD-дистрибутивов, основанных на Debian [2] .

Содержание

Описание

Подобные дистрибутивы называются Live CD (дистрибутив, загружающийся с CD и не требующий установки). Knoppix поставляется на обычном CD или DVD и может загружаться прямо с них, хотя существуют версии, которые можно установить на жесткий диск. Этот дистрибутив основан на Debian и включает в себя как свободное программное обеспечение, так и платное. Он отличается малыми требованиями к системе. Он не требует настройки, идеален для новичков, и его полезно иметь под рукой в случае необходимости восстановления системы. Однако, если вы собираетесь серьезно изучать Linux и работать в нем, следует приобрести один из полноценных, не относящихся к Live, дистрибутивов.

Knoppix, как уже было сказано выше, используется при необходимости восстановления нарушенной функциональности других операционных систем, в качестве операционной системы для презентаций программного обеспечения, в образовательных или ознакомительных целях.

Knoppix разрабатывается Клаусом Кноппером и сообществом Knoppix. На компакт-диске c этим дистрибутивом хранится более 2 ГБ (в DVD версии около 10 ГБ) сжатого программного обеспечения, которое распаковывается автоматически по мере необходимости.

Актуальные вопросы

Учитывая растущую популярность операционной системы Linux, многие пользователи, вроде бы, и не против с ней познакомиться, но боятся при установке повредить Windows. Существует ли простой способ поработать с Linux и сохранить Windows в целости и сохранности? На самом деле ответ на этот вопрос положителен — дистрибутив Knoppix от Linux, который был создан несколько лет назад идеально подходит для решения данной проблемы. Особенно Knoppix понравится любителям «поковыряться» в безопасности систем, поскольку дистрибутив содержит мощные средства по анализу безопасности, аудиту и резервированию/восстановлению системы. Knoppix — великолепный инструмент Linux для пользователей с любым уровнем опыта. Knoppix не нужно устанавливать традиционным способом — система запускается прямо с CD. Большинство пользователей компьютеров имеют не очень приятные впечатления от установки Windows или Linux: при этом часто необходимо было выделять разделы жёсткого диска, форматировать их и устанавливать на разные разделы разные системы. Knoppix не имеет подобного недостатка — система не будет записывать информацию на жёсткий диск (конечно, пока вы этого не захотите). Для запуска Knoppix достаточно вставить CD в привод и загрузиться с него. При этом выведется экран загрузки, на котором достаточно нажать «еnter» для начала процесса. Если у вас большой объём оперативной памяти (более 512 Мбайт), то вы можете набрать «knoppix toram» для загрузки CD целиком в память. Обычно, когда вы открываете приложение в Knoppix, оно распаковывается и загружается в память. На это уходит определённое время, и у некоторых пользователей создаётся ошибочное впечатление о медленной работе Knoppix. Если вы будете использовать ключ «knoppix toram», [3] тогда Knoppix будет работать во много раз быстрее, поскольку приложение будет находиться в памяти и в несжатом виде. Конечно, есть возможность привычной установки Knoppix на жесткий диск (как делают многие пользователи). Следует отметить, что если вы желаете пойти стандартным путём установки, то лучше обратить свой взор на «настоящие» дистрибутивы Linux типа Red Hat Fedora или Debian[1]. Загрузка Linux не повредит работе остальной системы, поскольку вся ОС будет находиться в оперативной памяти.

Основные компоненты

Разберем основные компоненты на примере состава Knoppix 5.1.0:

• Ядро: 2.6.19.1
• Предустановленная среда KDE 3.5.5 с KOffice 1.6.1 и броузером Konqueror.
• X Multimedia System xmms: MPEG-video, MP3, Ogg Vorbis Audio player и xine
• Программы для соединения с Интернетом: kppp, pppoeconf (DSL) и isdn-config
• GIMP 2.2.11
• Утилиты для восстановления данных и обслуживания системы, в т.ч. для других ОС.
• Утилиты сетевого администратора для анализа сетевой и локальной безопасности.
• OpenOffice 2.1.0
• Множество языков программирования
• Средства разработки (в т.ч. kdevelop)
• Библиотеки для разработчика

. а всего более 900 предустановленных пакетов с 2000 программ, утилит, игр.

Системные требования

• Intel x86 процессор (i686 или лучше). 64-битная версия ядра для поддержки памяти 4 Гб и более;
• Не менее 32 МБ оперативной памяти для работы в текстовом режиме и приблизительно 100 МБ для работы в LXDE;
• CD-ROM или DVD-ROM привод;
• Стандартная SVGA видеокарта;
• Мышь и клавиатура. [4]

Установка

Преимущества и недостатки Knoppix

Выбирая систему или ее дистрибутив для использования, каждый пользователь должен обращать свое внимание на ее недостатки, помимо достоинств. В качестве преимуществ дистрибутива Knoppix можно рассмотреть такие как:

• Единая система, расположенная на CD-диске, возможность безустановочного использования;
• Хорошее определение аппаратного обеспечения;
• Возможность настройки под себя (вы можете добавлять/удалять с диска приложения);
• Содержание большого количества полезных утилит (инструменты по аудиту, снифферы и т.д.);
• Возможность бесплатного использования.

• Несколько медленная загрузка некоторых приложений (OpenOffice, к примеру), поскольку все подгружается и распаковывается с CD;
• Документация довольно скудная, но это характерно для сообщества Linux — ведь здесь подразумевается, что пользователь будет самостоятельно искать ответы на свои вопросы.

Источник

Welcome to Knoppix.net

Knoppix is a Live Linux CD / Live DVD based on Debian GNU/Linux

This website is about Knoppix, a Free and Open Source Live Linux CD. Knoppix is a GNU/Linux distribution that boots and runs completely from CD or DVD and can be used to read and write Windows and other partitions (among other clever tricks).

The Knoppix CD and DVD include recent Linux software and desktop environments. The DVD includes programs such as OpenOffice.org, Abiword, The Gimp, Konqueror, Mozilla, Apache, PHP, MySQL and hundreds of other quality open source programs.

Knoppix is suitable even for Linux beginners and we encourage you to try it and use the extensive help on our site if you need it. If you would like to learn more about Knoppix, you could look at the FAQs and Documentation, discuss it in the Forum, or just try it out!

You can download for free the latest version of the CD (700 MB) or DVD (4.14 GB). You can also save yourself the trouble of downloading this large file and it burning to disk by buying it for as little as $1.95 (worldwide shipping). Simply follow this link: download / buy page. When you buy a disk we get a small commission that goes towards paying for and running this Knoppix.net site.

The Knoppix.net Community Forums

Documentation and How-Tos on the Knoppix Wiki

Download Knoppix Live Linux CD or DVD

Источник

Knowing Knoppix/Introducing Knoppix

Contents

Introducing Knoppix [ edit | edit source ]

“Knoppix is… so astoundingly useful it’s nearly impossible to overpraise” — slashdot.org

What is Knoppix? [ edit | edit source ]

Linux that runs from CD [ edit | edit source ]

Knoppix is an astonishingly clever product. It is a single CD that runs Linux on your PC or laptop. It gives you a full graphical desktop with networking, sound, the lot (subject to suitable hardware). No installation is necessary.

Knoppix is excellent for demonstrations, system recovery, or just testing how well the hardware in a given PC is supported. The Knoppix CD is compressed. On-the-fly transparent decompression gives a remarkable 1,600 Mb of software on a single 700 Mb CD.

Can be installed on a Hard Disk or a USB key [ edit | edit source ]

You can optionally install Knoppix on your hard drive from the Knoppix LiveCD. Type knoppix-installer in a root console when using Knoppix.

How it works [ edit | edit source ]

Start the computer using the Knoppix CD. The existing software on the hard disk will be bypassed. The hard disk may still be accessed read-only. When you have finished using Knoppix, restart and take the CD out. The regular operating system will run as normal.

Safe to run [ edit | edit source ]

Knoppix leaves your existing software untouched. In fact, Knoppix can run on a computer with no hard disk at all! After running Knoppix, simply take the CD out of the drive. The computer will behave as if nothing has happened.

The general philosophy of Knoppix is to access disks in read-only mode as much as possible. This is ideal for beginners, because it protects against accidents.

Personal [ edit | edit source ]

Settings and personal files can be saved to a disk, such as a removable USB hard drive stick. This lets you store a personalised Knoppix setup and take it with you everywhere.

Free [ edit | edit source ]

Most amazing of all, Knoppix is free. The latest version is always available from the Knoppix download page. Not only is Knoppix free as in no charge, it is also free as in freedom. Subject to certain conditions, you are entitled:

• To make unlimited copies.
• To use one copy on as many computers as you like.
• To give unlimited copies to your friends.
• To sell unlimited copies.
• To customise it to suit yourself.
• To redistribute your customised versions.

What you can do with Knoppix [ edit | edit source ]

Learn Linux [ edit | edit source ]

This book is designed to help you run Linux for the very first time. Knoppix is perfect for newcomers. Linux isn’t going away any time soon. That is why learning it is an investment in your time that will pay off for years to come. This book is meant for people who are at least reasonably familiar with computers. For example, I assume you know your way around your computer’s mouse, keyboard, CD drive, and so on.

Rescue and test [ edit | edit source ]

Knoppix is a wonderful tool for rescuing and testing PCs. I will provide enough information to be useful, without going into mind-bending detail. With Knoppix it is possible to:

• Read files from Windows formatted hard disks, even when the operating system installed on the hard disk cannot be started (unless the hard disk has an unrecoverable data error, or if it is physically damaged).
• Copy files onto other disks, such as removable USB drives, Zip drives, CD-RW blanks and network drives (given suitable hardware).
• Identify hardware, even when Windows cannot identify it (subject to certain limitations).

Use and explore [ edit | edit source ]

Knoppix is a complete desktop system. Use it:

• To print.
• To play music.
• To use a scanner or a digital camera.
• To connect to the Internet.
• To browse the Internet’s World Wide Web.
• To send and receive Internet email.
• To try out the built-in office applications, graphics tools, sound playing, video playing, Internet applications and games.

Network [ edit | edit source ]

Knoppix is a child of the Internet. Knoppix does networking with its eyes closed. For security reasons, Knoppix does not automatically run any servers that could be accessed from the outside.

Where Knoppix comes from [ edit | edit source ]

Knoppix was created in Germany by Klaus Knopper. Knoppix is a volunteer, co-operative, community effort. It exists entirely on the Internet. At the moment Knopper is the man who does most of the work on the disk. He does get patches and some scripts from the community, but he is still the most important person. The Knoppix project is hosted by LinuxTag, which is based in Germany at the Technical University of Kaiserslautern. The LinuxTag team runs conferences, workshops and exhibitions for everyone interested in Linux and Free Software.

Knoppix is Free Software [ edit | edit source ]

Knoppix is Free Software. It is licensed under the GNU General Public Licence (GPL). Free Software is not freeware, and not shareware. Free Software means “free as in freedom”, not necessarily price. This means you are allowed to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve Knoppix at no charge.

The catch is that when you give (or sell) copies to other people, you must give them the same freedoms under which you received it. This limitation ensures that Knoppix is free now and will remain free forever. For more details, see the license text at the end of this book.

Limitations [ edit | edit source ]

No warranty [ edit | edit source ]

First and most important of all, Knoppix is experimental software. There is no warranty. Use it at your own risk.

CD means slow [ edit | edit source ]

Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) drives are much slower than hard disk drives. This means that some applications on the Knoppix CD may take a long time to start; much longer than they would do on a full permanent Linux system. However, Knoppix has some clever (optional) tricks that can spectacularly speed things up.

Knoppix does not get very far on unreliable CD-ROM drives. Since everything has to be loaded from CD, it falls over pretty quickly if CD-ROM errors occur, or if the Knoppix CD itself is damaged. Knoppix has built-in tools for testing its own media.

Not everything works [ edit | edit source ]

Knoppix supports a huge range of common PC hardware, but not everything. Internal dial-up modems and external USB broadband modems tend not to work. AOL and Compuserve are completely incompatible. Certain cheap printers may be useless. Many cheap colour laser printers do not work. Support for wireless (802.11b) network adapters is limited at best. Certain types of multimedia audio and video files are unplayable. Most commercial DVD movie discs cannot be played. In general, Knoppix does not run Windows software.

RAM intensive [ edit | edit source ]

Knoppix works by loading everything into Random Access Memory (RAM). The more RAM you have, the better. For typical performance, you need 128 Mb of RAM.

If you are lucky enough to have 828 Mb of RAM or more, Knoppix has clever tricks to make good use of all the RAM in your computer. This can deliver blazingly fast performance.

If you have less than 128 Mb of RAM, Knoppix has the ability to use part of the hard disk as if it were RAM. This is called creating a swap file. However, this technique does not work on all hard disks, and performance is much slower than real RAM.

What is included in Knoppix? [ edit | edit source ]

Knoppix is a compilation of a huge number of works from around the Internet. Some of the projects mentioned in this book are:

Project	Home page
AbiWord word processor	http://www.abisource.com/
Audacity sound recorder	http://audacity.sourceforge.net/
Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)	http://www.cups.org/
Debian distribution	http://www.debian.org/
Gnumeric spreadsheet	http://www.gnumeric.org/
The GNU Image Manipulation Program (The Gimp)	http://www.gimp.org/
GNU utilities	http://www.gnu.org/
The K Desktop Environment (KDE)	http://www.kde.org/
Linux kernel	http://www.kernel.org/
Mozilla web browser	http://www.mozilla.org/
OpenOffice.org office suite	http://www.openoffice.org/
Samba file sharing server for Windows PCs	http://www.samba.org/
Scanner Access Is Now Easy (SANE)	http://www.sane-project.org/
Xine Media Player	http://xinehq.de/
X Multimedia System	http://www.xmms.org/
X Window System	http://www.xfree86.org/

Putting it all together is the work of the Debian project. The result is called the Debian distribution. This means that Knoppix is Debian modified to run on a self-contained CD.

What is Linux? [ edit | edit source ]

Linux (pronounced «lin-ucks») is a free operating system. An «operating system» is the base software that makes a computer useful.

Strictly speaking, Linux is the kernel. The kernel is the core component of the operating system. Think of an operating system as a nut. The shell is the part that you use. The kernel is the core that talks to the computer’s hardware.

A little history [ edit | edit source ]

In the 1970s, computer programs were free. A program is a sequence of instructions that makes a “calculating machine” do something useful. The engineers who worked on these instructions became known as programmers. They shared their know-how with each other. They found that it made their work more pleasant.

Unfortunately, this co-operative spirit died under commercial pressures. Restrictive practices in the fast-growing “software industry” meant that sharing the most useful programs and some of the most vital technical information became largely impossible.

A man named Richard Stallman was greatly frustrated by this change. He wanted to bring back the spirit of the early days that he had known at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). He knew that he had the perfect skills to build a free operating system. He knew that if he didn’t do it, no-one would. So he decided to do it, or “die trying”.

By the 1990s, Stallman’s Free Software Foundation had found or created nearly all the components of a free operating system. He called his creation “GNU’s Not UNIX”.

The name is a joke designed to poke fun at the alphabet soup of computer acronyms. Some acronyms have other acronyms as part of their definition. The GNU acronym takes this one stage further — it has its own acronym as part of its definition. “Is Not” is a way of saying “is like” or “is compatible with”.

UNIX refers to a family of operating systems that were used mainly in science, engineering and finance. Stallman chose to base his efforts on UNIX because it was tried and tested. It would also be convenient for other people to switch from UNIX to GNU.

How GNU grew [ edit | edit source ]

In 1991, the GNU project still lacked a kernel, the vital core component of an operating system. Luckily, a student in Finland called Linus Torvalds created one “as a hobby”.

In 1991, Torvalds produced a simple, basic system called “Freax”. He called it “Linux” privately but never meant it to be called that in public, because he didn’t want to be too egotistical. He made it free because he wanted feedback. It was posted on the Internet by a friend.

Pretty soon, Torvalds began receiving email from places he’d dreamed of visiting, like Australia and the United States. Instead of cash, Linus preferred postcards. His sister Sara was suddenly impressed that her brother was somehow hearing from new friends far away.

Torvalds had used the Free Software Foundation’s tools, so he decided to make it free likewise. This was a way to say “thank you”. He decided to put Linux under the Free Software Foundation’s General Public Licence. This meant that anyone could use, improve or sell Linux, but no-one could take overall control.

It’s a GNU world! [ edit | edit source ]

From there, it snowballed in the most extraordinary way. It has catapulted Torvalds to accidental super-stardom. He has appeared on the cover of Time magazine. We should remember that Stallman started it all. That is why the full title of Linux is GNU/Linux. In other words, Knoppix is a Linux-based GNU system.

Источник