Служба доменных имен (DNS) Domain Name System (DNS)
Применяется к: Windows Server (Semi-Annual Channel), Windows Server 2016 Applies to: Windows Server (Semi-Annual Channel), Windows Server 2016
Служба доменных имен (DNS) — это один из стандартных отраслевых протоколов, включающих TCP/IP, а клиент DNS и DNS-сервер предоставляют службам разрешения имен IP-адресов компьютеров и пользователей. Domain Name System (DNS) is one of the industry-standard suite of protocols that comprise TCP/IP, and together the DNS Client and DNS Server provide computer name-to-IP address mapping name resolution services to computers and users.
Помимо этого раздела, доступно следующее содержимое DNS. In addition to this topic, the following DNS content is available.
В Windows Server 2016 DNS является ролью сервера, которую можно установить с помощью диспетчер сервера или команд Windows PowerShell. In Windows Server 2016, DNS is a server role that you can install by using Server Manager or Windows PowerShell commands. При установке нового леса Active Directory и домена служба DNS автоматически устанавливается с Active Directory в качестве глобального сервера каталога для леса и домена. If you are installing a new Active Directory forest and domain, DNS is automatically installed with Active Directory as the Global Catalogue server for the forest and domain.
Службы домен Active Directory Services (AD DS) используют DNS в качестве механизма расположения контроллера домена. Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) uses DNS as its domain controller location mechanism. При выполнении любой из основных Active Directory операций, таких как проверка подлинности, обновление или поиск, компьютеры используют DNS для поиска контроллеров домена Active Directory. When any of the principal Active Directory operations is performed, such as authentication, updating, or searching, computers use DNS to locate Active Directory domain controllers. Кроме того, контроллеры домена используют DNS для размещения друг друга. In addition, domain controllers use DNS to locate each other.
Служба DNS-клиента входит во все клиентские и серверные версии операционной системы Windows и работает по умолчанию при установке операционной системы. The DNS Client service is included in all client and server versions of the Windows operating system, and is running by default upon operating system installation. При настройке сетевого подключения TCP/IP с IP-адресом DNS-сервера клиент DNS запрашивает DNS-сервер для обнаружения контроллеров домена и разрешает имена компьютеров в IP-адреса. When you configure a TCP/IP network connection with the IP address of a DNS server, the DNS Client queries the DNS server to discover domain controllers, and to resolve computer names to IP addresses. Например, когда пользователь сети с учетной записью пользователя Active Directory входит в домен Active Directory, служба DNS-клиента запрашивает у DNS-сервера поиск контроллера домена для Active Directory домена. For example, when a network user with an Active Directory user account logs in to an Active Directory domain, the DNS Client service queries the DNS server to locate a domain controller for the Active Directory domain. Когда DNS-сервер отвечает на запрос и предоставляет клиенту IP-адрес контроллера домена, клиент связывается с контроллером домена, и процесс проверки подлинности может быть начат. When the DNS server responds to the query and provides the domain controller’s IP address to the client, the client contacts the domain controller and the authentication process can begin.
DNS-сервер Windows Server 2016 и службы DNS-клиента используют протокол DNS, включенный в набор протоколов TCP/IP. The Windows Server 2016 DNS Server and DNS Client services use the DNS protocol that is included in the TCP/IP protocol suite. DNS является частью уровня приложения в модели справочника по протоколу TCP/IP, как показано на следующем рисунке. DNS is part of the application layer of the TCP/IP reference model, as shown in the following illustration.
What’s New in DNS Server in Windows Server
Applies to: Windows Server (Semi-Annual Channel), Windows Server 2016
This topic describes the Domain Name System (DNS) server functionality that is new or changed in Windows Server 2016.
In Windows Server 2016, DNS Server offers enhanced support in the following areas.
| Functionality | New or Improved | Description |
|---|---|---|
| DNS Policies | New | You can configure DNS policies to specify how a DNS server responds to DNS queries. DNS responses can be based on client IP address (location), time of the day, and several other parameters. DNS policies enable location-aware DNS, traffic management, load balancing, split-brain DNS, and other scenarios. |
| Response Rate Limiting (RRL) | New | You can enable response rate limiting on your DNS servers. By doing this, you avoid the possibility of malicious systems using your DNS servers to initiate a denial of service attack on a DNS client. |
| DNS-based Authentication of Named Entities (DANE) | New | You can use TLSA (Transport Layer Security Authentication) records to provide information to DNS clients that state what CA they should expect a certificate from for your domain name. This prevents man-in-the-middle attacks where someone might corrupt the DNS cache to point to their own website, and provide a certificate they issued from a different CA. |
| Unknown record support | New | You can add records which are not explicitly supported by the Windows DNS server using the unknown record functionality. |
| IPv6 root hints | New | You can use the native IPV6 root hints support to perform internet name resolution using the IPV6 root servers. |
| Windows PowerShell Support | Improved | New Windows PowerShell cmdlets are available for DNS Server. |
DNS Policies
You can use DNS Policy for Geo-Location based traffic management, intelligent DNS responses based on the time of day, to manage a single DNS server configured for split-brain deployment, applying filters on DNS queries, and more. The following items provide more detail about these capabilities.
Application Load Balancing. When you have deployed multiple instances of an application at different locations, you can use DNS policy to balance the traffic load between the different application instances, dynamically allocating the traffic load for the application.
Geo-Location Based Traffic Management. You can use DNS Policy to allow primary and secondary DNS servers to respond to DNS client queries based on the geographical location of both the client and the resource to which the client is attempting to connect, providing the client with the IP address of the closest resource.
Split Brain DNS. With split-brain DNS, DNS records are split into different Zone Scopes on the same DNS server, and DNS clients receive a response based on whether the clients are internal or external clients. You can configure split-brain DNS for Active Directory integrated zones or for zones on standalone DNS servers.
Filtering. You can configure DNS policy to create query filters that are based on criteria that you supply. Query filters in DNS policy allow you to configure the DNS server to respond in a custom manner based on the DNS query and DNS client that sends the DNS query.
Forensics. You can use DNS policy to redirect malicious DNS clients to a non-existent IP address instead of directing them to the computer they are trying to reach.
Time of day based redirection. You can use DNS policy to distribute application traffic across different geographically distributed instances of an application by using DNS policies that are based on the time of day.
You can also use DNS policies for Active Directory integrated DNS zones.
For more information, see the DNS Policy Scenario Guide.
Response Rate Limiting
You can configure RRL settings to control how to respond to requests to a DNS client when your server receives several requests targeting the same client. By doing this, you can prevent someone from sending a Denial of Service (Dos) attack using your DNS servers. For instance, a bot net can send requests to your DNS server using the IP address of a third computer as the requestor. Without RRL, your DNS servers might respond to all the requests, flooding the third computer. When you use RRL, you can configure the following settings:
Responses per second. This is the maximum number of times the same response will be given to a client within one second.
Errors per second. This is the maximum number of times an error response will be sent to the same client within one second.
Window. This is the number of seconds for which responses to a client will be suspended if too many requests are made.
Leak rate. This is how frequently the DNS server will respond to a query during the time responses are suspended. For instance, if the server suspends responses to a client for 10 seconds, and the leak rate is 5, the server will still respond to one query for every 5 queries sent. This allows the legitimate clients to get responses even when the DNS server is applying response rate limiting on their subnet or FQDN.
TC rate. This is used to tell the client to try connecting with TCP when responses to the client are suspended. For instance, if the TC rate is 3, and the server suspends responses to a given client, the server will issue a request for TCP connection for every 3 queries received. Make sure the value for TC rate is lower than the leak rate, to give the client the option to connect via TCP before leaking responses.
Maximum responses. This is the maximum number of responses the server will issue to a client while responses are suspended.
Allowlist domains. This is a list of domains to be excluded from RRL settings.
Allowlist subnets. This is a list of subnets to be excluded from RRL settings.
Allowlist server interfaces. This is a list of DNS server interfaces to be excluded from RRL settings.
DANE support
You can use DANE support (RFC 6394 and 6698) to specify to your DNS clients what CA they should expect certificates to be issued from for domains names hosted in your DNS server. This prevents a form of man-in-the-middle attack where someone is able to corrupt a DNS cache and point a DNS name to their own IP address.
For instance, imagine you host a secure website that uses SSL at www.contoso.com by using a certificate from a well-known authority named CA1. Someone might still be able to get a certificate for www.contoso.com from a different, not-so-well-known, certificate authority named CA2. Then, the entity hosting the fake www.contoso.com website might be able to corrupt the DNS cache of a client or server to point www.contoto.com to their fake site. The end user will be presented a certificate from CA2, and may simply acknowledge it and connect to the fake site. With DANE, the client would make a request to the DNS server for contoso.com asking for the TLSA record and learn that the certificate for www.contoso.com was issues by CA1. If presented with a certificate from another CA, the connection is aborted.
Unknown record support
An «Unknown Record» is an RR whose RDATA format is not known to the DNS server. The newly added support for unknown record (RFC 3597) types means that you can add the unsupported record types into the Windows DNS server zones in the binary on-wire format. The windows caching resolver already has the ability to process unknown record types. Windows DNS server will not do any record specific processing for the unknown records, but will send it back in responses if queries are received for it.
IPv6 root hints
The IPV6 root hints, as published by IANA, have been added to the windows DNS server. The internet name queries can now use IPv6 root servers for performing name resolutions.
Windows PowerShell support
The following new Windows PowerShell cmdlets and parameters are introduced in Windows Server 2016.
Add-DnsServerRecursionScope. This cmdlet creates a new recursion scope on the DNS server. Recursion scopes are used by DNS policies to specify a list of forwarders to be used in a DNS query.
Remove-DnsServerRecursionScope. This cmdlet removes existing recursion scopes.
Set-DnsServerRecursionScope. This cmdlet changes the settings of an existing recursion scope.
Get-DnsServerRecursionScope. This cmdlet retrieves information about existing recursion scopes.
Add-DnsServerClientSubnet. This cmdlet creates a new DNS client subnet. Subnets are used by DNS policies to identify where a DNS client is located.
Remove-DnsServerClientSubnet. This cmdlet removes existing DNS client subnets.
Set-DnsServerClientSubnet. This cmdlet changes the settings of an existing DNS client subnet.
Get-DnsServerClientSubnet. This cmdlet retrieves information about existing DNS client subnets.
Add-DnsServerQueryResolutionPolicy. This cmdlet creates a new DNS query resolution policy. DNS query resolution policies are used to specify how, or if, a query is responded to, based on different criteria.
Remove-DnsServerQueryResolutionPolicy. This cmdlet removes existing DNS policies.
Set-DnsServerQueryResolutionPolicy. This cmdlet changes the settings of an existing DNS policy.
Get-DnsServerQueryResolutionPolicy. This cmdlet retrieves information about existing DNS policies.
Enable-DnsServerPolicy. This cmdlet enables existing DNS policies.
Disable-DnsServerPolicy. This cmdlet disables existing DNS policies.
Add-DnsServerZoneTransferPolicy. This cmdlet creates a new DNS server zone transfer policy. DNS zone transfer policies specify whether to deny or ignore a zone transfer based on different criteria.
Remove-DnsServerZoneTransferPolicy. This cmdlet removes existing DNS server zone transfer policies.
Set-DnsServerZoneTransferPolicy. This cmdlet changes settings of an existing DNS server zone transfer policy.
Get-DnsServerResponseRateLimiting. This cmdlet retrieves RRL settings.
Set-DnsServerResponseRateLimiting. This cmdlet changes RRL settigns.
Add-DnsServerResponseRateLimitingExceptionlist. This cmdlet creates an RRL exception list on the DNS server.
Get-DnsServerResponseRateLimitingExceptionlist. This cmdlet retrieves RRL excception lists.
Remove-DnsServerResponseRateLimitingExceptionlist. This cmdlet removes an existing RRL exception list.
Set-DnsServerResponseRateLimitingExceptionlist. This cmdlet changes RRL exception lists.
Add-DnsServerResourceRecord. This cmdlet was updated to support unknown record type.
Get-DnsServerResourceRecord. This cmdlet was updated to support unknown record type.
Remove-DnsServerResourceRecord. This cmdlet was updated to support unknown record type.
Set-DnsServerResourceRecord. This cmdlet was updated to support unknown record type
For more information, see the following Windows Server 2016 Windows PowerShell command reference topics.
