Writable linux что это

Установка и настройка файлового сервера Samba на Ubuntu

Samba позволяет настроить файловое хранилище различных масштабов — от малых офисов для крупных организаций. В данной инструкции мы рассмотрим процесс настройки файлового сервера. Сначала мы выполним установку и базовую настройку с предоставлением гостевого доступа. После будет приведены примеры разграничения доступа по пользователям, группам и пользователям Active Directory.

Подготовка сервера

1. Время

Для корректного отображения дат, необходимо позаботиться о синхронизации времени. Для этого будем использовать демон chrony. Установим его:

apt-get install chrony

Разрешим автозапуск сервиса:

systemctl enable chrony

2. Брандмауэр

По умолчанию, в системах на базе Debian брандмауэр разрешает все соединения. Но если в нашем случае мы используем брандмауэр, необходимо открыть порты:

iptables -I INPUT -p tcp —dport 445 -j ACCEPT

iptables -I INPUT -p udp —dport 137:138 -j ACCEPT

iptables -I INPUT -p tcp —dport 139 -j ACCEPT

* где порт 445 используется для samba, а порты 137, 138 и 139 — для работы NetBIOS (использование имени компьютера для доступа).

apt-get install iptables-persistent

Установка и запуск Samba

Установка выполняется из репозитория одной командой:

apt-get install samba

Разрешаем автостарт сервиса:

systemctl enable smbd

И проверим, что сервис запустился:

systemctl status smbd

Проверяем, что сервер самба позволяет к себе подключиться. Для этого можно с компьютера обратиться к серверу по SMB, например, на компьютере с Windows это можно сделать из проводника, прописав путь к серверу с двух слэшей:

* в данном примере мы подключаемся к серверу Samba с IP-адресом 192.168.1.15.

Если мы настроили сервер правильно, система откроет пустую папку. На данном этапе проверка закончена и мы можем переходить к созданию первой шары.

Создание первой шары и предоставление к ней гостевого доступа (анонимного)

Разберем самый простой пример предоставления доступа к папке — анонимный доступ всем пользователям без запроса пароля.

Открываем на редактирование конфигурационный файл samba:

И добавляем настройку для общей папки:

[Общая папка]
comment = Public Folder
path = /data/public
public = yes
writable = yes
read only = no
guest ok = yes
create mask = 0777
directory mask = 0777
force create mode = 0777
force directory mode = 0777

• [Общая папка] — имя общей папки, которое увидят пользователи, подключившись к серверу.
• comment — свой комментарий для удобства.
• path — путь на сервере, где будут храниться данные.
• public — для общего доступа. Установите в yes, если хотите, чтобы все могли работать с ресурсом.
• writable — разрешает запись в сетевую папку.
• read only — только для чтения. Установите no, если у пользователей должна быть возможность создавать папки и файлы.
• guest ok — разрешает доступ к папке гостевой учетной записи.
• create mask, directory mask, force create mode, force directory mode — при создании новой папки или файла назначаются указанные права. В нашем примере права будут полные.

Создаем каталог на сервере и назначим права:

mkdir -p /data/public

chmod 777 /data/public

Применяем настройки samba, перезагрузив сервис:

systemctl restart smbd

Пробуем подключиться к папке. Мы должны зайти в нее без необходимости ввода логина и пароля.

Доступ к папке по логину и паролю

Теперь создадим каталог, в который вход будет разрешен только авторизованным пользователям.

Открываем конфигурационный файл samba:

Добавляем настройку для новой папки:

[Папка сотрудников]
comment = Staff Folder
path = /data/staff
public = no
writable = yes
read only = no
guest ok = no
create mask = 0777
directory mask = 0777
force create mode = 0777
force directory mode = 0777

* эти настройки, во многом, похожи на те, что использовались в примере выше. Вот основные различия:

• path = /data/staff — используем новый путь до папки.
• public = no — запрещаем публичный доступ.
• guest ok = no — не разрешаем гостевое подключение.

Создаем каталог для новой папки:

Задаем права на созданный каталог:

chmod 777 /data/staff

Создаем пользователя в системе Linux:

* где staff1 — имя пользователя.

Задаем пароль для пользователя:

Теперь создадим пользователя в samba:

smbpasswd -a staff1

systemctl restart smbd

Пробуем зайти на сервер — общую папку мы должны открыть без авторизации, а при попытке открыть папку сотрудников должно появиться окно ввода логина и пароля.

Если мы авторизованы на компьютере, с которого пытаемся подключиться к серверу, под той же учетной записью, что создали для доступа к папке, samba может и не потребовать аутентификации.

Доступ к папке определенным пользователям и группам

Теперь создадим папку, доступ к которой будут иметь ограниченное количество пользователей.

Открываем конфигурационный файл samba:

Добавляем настройку для новой папки:

[Приватная папка]
comment = Private Folder
path = /data/private
public = no
writable = no
read only = yes
guest ok = no
valid users = admin, staff2, staff3, @privateusers
write list = admin, staff2
create mask = 0777
directory mask = 0777
force create mode = 0777
force directory mode = 0777
inherit owner = yes

* стоит обратить внимание на следующие настройки:

• path = /data/private — используем новый путь до папки.
• writable = no и read only = yes — в данном примере мы разрешим запись в каталог только некоторым пользователям. Поэтому общие настройки, разрешающие запись в папку, должны быть запрещены.
• valid users — список пользователей, которым разрешено подключаться к каталогу. В данном примере разрешения работают для пользователей admin, staff2 и staff3, а также для всех, кто входим в группу privateusers.
• write list — список пользователей, которые имеют доступ к папке на чтение и запись. В данном примере мы разрешаем это только для пользователей admin и staff2.
• inherit owner — опция позволяем включить наследование владельца при создании папок и файлов.

* если мы хотим, чтобы доступ к каталогу был полный у определенных пользователей (без разделения на тех, кто может только читать и тех, кто может также писать в папку), то опцию write list можно не указывать, а опции writable и read only оставить как в примерах выше.

Источник

40 Best Examples of Find command in Linux

Geekflare is supported by our audience. We may earn affiliate commissions from buying links on this site.

The Linux find command is a powerful tool that enables system administrators to locate and manage files and directories based on a wide range of search criteria. It can find directories and files by their name, their type, or extension, size, permissions, etc.

Besides locating files and directories, combining the find command with others enables you to take action on the results. Adding the -exec option enables sysadmins to run external commands and perform actions like copying, moving, deleting, or changing permissions of the files matching the specified criteria such as size, name, etc.

In this article, we will start by explaining the basic Linux find commands with examples. This will show you how to find files and directories. We will then show you how to use the -exec option to act on the files or directories based on their size, permissions, etc.

The general syntax for the find command is

• path specifies the directory.
• name-of file or dir-to-search : Name of the file or directory to look for
• action-to-take : such as copy, delete, move, etc.

In this tutorial, we will explain how to locate files and directories matching specified patterns. We will also see how to perform actions on the files or directories that the find command locates. The guide is based on Ubuntu but is applicable to most Linux distributions and versions.

Find files and Directories

Find specific files by name or extension

To look for a specific file, run the following command from the root (/). The command contains the exact name for the file you are searching for.

Please note that the results include the path. This is important if you don’t know the directory where the file is located, or when it is in more than one place.

You can also search for the file in another directory while still in the current location. In this case, you need to provide the path for the directory where you want to search.

Looking for specific files in another directory

In our case, we will look for all those starting with the letters file in the test directory.

Search for files by extension

To find a file in Linux with a certain extension, add it to the command.

Find files and directories by name

Use the command below to look for files and directories starting with the letters qa . In our computer, we have the qatree.txt and qa.txt files as well as a directory by the name qa .

If we run the command;

It returns the following output

The command returns both the files and directories matching the search criteria. To find files or directories only, you need to specify this in the command.

Find files or directories only

For files only, use the type f switch.

Files only

Directories only

Add the type d option to locate directories only.

Case insensitive find command

All searches with -name switch are case sensitive and will not give results with capital letters. To get all cases, use the -iname option.

Search for a file from multiple directories

To find the files in different directories, add their paths in the command. In our case, we will check in the test and numeric directories.

Find multiple files with different extensions from all directories

You can use the find command to locate multiple files that share the different extensions such as *.doc , *.txt *.pdf , etc. This can be done separately, one extension at a time, or using just one command that includes all the desired extensions.

find . -type f ( -name «*.txt» -o -name «*.pdf» -o -name «*.doc» )

Find files containing certain text

Sometimes, you want to access a file containing certain text but cannot recall its file name or location. This command allows you to find all the files containing your target text.

To look for all the files containing the word hyperconvergence”, use;

The –i option enables the command to ignore cases and will find the text whether capitalized or not i.e. hyperconvergence, Hyperconvergence , etc.

To look for the files in a specific directory, simply add them to the command

Find Files and Directories Based on Size

You can find all files or directories that are smaller, equal or greater than a certain size, within a certain range or empty. Use the appropriate size format depending on the type of files or directories you are searching for.

Size options include;

Find files of a certain size – equal to 30MB

To Search find all 30MB files

Find files larger than a specified size

Find files less than 10MB in the current directory

Find files with sizes between 100-200MB

When looking for files within a specific range such as between 100 and 200 MB

Look for directories larger than 20kb

find / -type d -size +20k

Find empty files and directories.

Files

find ./ -type f -size 0

Directories

Find files by age or modification time

Find files older than n days

The -mtime +8 will look for txt files that are older than 8 days.

By modification date

This will look for files modified within the last 17 hours

Looks for directories modified within the last 10 days

Find files based on access or modification

Find files based on date or time accessed. This allows you to see files that have or haven’t been accessed within a specified period.

To see files that have not been accessed within the last 10 days in the home directory.

Files accessed exactly 10 days ago

Accessed within the last 10 days

Find files modified within the last n days

You can also look for the files in the /home directory modified within the last 10 days using the command;

Find files modified within a specific period.

For example, all files modified between 6 and 15 days ago in the home directory.

Files and directories accessed within the last 10 minutes

To find the files accessed within the last 10 minutes, use the -amin option.

Directories accessed within the last 10 minutes

Find files matching specific permissions

Where mode is the permission which is either numeric such as 644, 655, 700, 777 , etc, or letters such as u=x, a=r+x, etc.

You can specify the mode in the following three different ways.

1. Without a prefix when you want to find files with the exact permissions specified.
2. With “ — “ for files with at least the specified permission. This returns files with the specified as well as additional higher permissions.
3. Using “ / ” requires specifying the owner or group with the permission to the file.

Find files with permission 777

Find files with at least 766
find -perm -766

The command looks for all files in which the

• The file owner has read/write/execute permissions.
• Group has read/write permissions
• Others have read/write permission

As such, it returns two files that meet this criterion – file1 and file2. The files do not need to have the exact 766 permissions and can have additional ones as long but must have at least the specified.

Find files writable by the owner

We will now use the “ / ” to looks for files writable by either their owner, or group, or others.

The above looks for files that are writable by either their owner or group.
This returns files that are writable by either but not necessarily both. To see files, where both have writable permissions, use the – prefix.

Find files owned by a user

Find all files owned by Jack

Find specific files owned by a user

Find all text files owned by Jack

Find and list files and directories together with their permissions

Find and act on the results

In this section, we will look at how you can act on the files that match the pattern specified in the find command.

Find files and change permissions

Find and change permissions of certain file types. In our case, we will work with PHP files with different permissions as shown below.

We will now look for all the PHP files (above) and replace their permissions with 755

The command looks for PHP files in the ver directory and then sets their permission to 755 ( rwxr-xr-x )

Find and change file and directory permissions

Find files with 644 permissions and change them to have 655 permissions

You can also look for directories with 644 permissions and replace this with 755.

The docs folder has 644 permissions

To set it to 755 , we run

Now we can check again to see what exactly 755

From above we can see the root and docs directories have the 755 permissions.

Ls –la command gives the following details

Find and copy files or directories

Find and copy a specific file to a directory

The command below will find the file22.tx t file and copy it to the

Find and copy one type of files to a directory

To find files such as images with jpg extension in the current directory and copy them to a different location like an images folder, use;

This will find and copy all the jpg files to the

Find and copy one file to many directories

Find and copy a single to multiple directories.

This will find the file hci file and copy it to the three directories of /tmp/dir1/ /tmp/dir2/ and $HOME/3/

Find and move files to a different directory

To move a known file from a directory to another. To move the universal.php file;

Search and move files with a certain extension to a different folder

Find certain files and move to a specific different folder

The command looks for all the files with names starting with uni and having any extension. It then moves them to the directory /unifiles/

Find and move files based on age

Find and move files older than specified days to a different location such as the archive.

This will look for pdf files older than 20 days and move them to the backup1 directory.

Find and delete files and directories

The syntax for finding and removing files or directories in the current directory is

find . -type f -name «file to delete» -exec rm -f <> ; to delete files only or

find . -type d -name «dir-to-delete» -exec rm -rf <> ; to delete directories only

Find and delete specific files only

To find and delete files starting with til, use;

To find and delete directories starting with til

Remove both files and directories

This will remove both files and directories starting with the letters til.

Delete by extension

Below is how you can locate and delete all txt files in the current directory. Replace the txt with another extension such as bak , pdf or any other that you want to remove.

In case you want the system to prompt you to confirm before deleting each file, add the -i option as below.

By default, the -rm will not remove the directories and you need to use the –r option to ensures a recursive removal. This ensures the deletion of empty directories and those containing files. The -f option forces the removal and is used for both the files and directories.

Find and delete files older than n days

Find and delete backup files older than 20 days from the current directory.

This will delete all .bak files older than 20 days.

Find and delete directories only

To delete a directory called dir22

Ensure that you match the directory name case or use the -iname option.

Removes both Dir22 and dir22

To confirm before deletion, use the -i option.

Output
rm: remove directory ‘./Dir22’? n
rm: remove directory ‘./dir22’? y

In our case, we typed n for directory Dir22 which will not be deleted and y for the dir22 which will now be removed.

Find and remove empty files

You can use any of the following commands to locate empty files and delete them automatically.

or
find ./ -type f -size 0 | xargs rm -f
or
find ./ -type f -size 0 –delete

Find and remove empty directories

To remove empty directories we will use the d option.

Another alternative is to use delete instead of remove.

Please note that deleting system or critical files from your computer can damage the operating system or applications or lead to loss of your important data.

To avoid accidental deletions, it is best practice to use a non-root user account. Also, ensure that you are deleting the right files that are not useful and that you have a backup of all your data files just in case.

What’s next?

Go ahead and try the above Linux find commands in your lab or NON PRODUCTION environment. See if you can use some to automate the file system cleanup with Crontab. And, to master Linux, check out this online course.

Источник