I have painted и I have been painting. Какая разница?

Привет, друзья!Сегодня мы поговорим о Present Perfect и Present Perfect Continuous, которые вызывают много вопросов у изучающих английский язык. В некоторых случаях они взаимозаменяемы, а в других — нет. Сегодня мы разберем так много примеров и полезных выражений в этих временах, что вы точно разберетесь, что к чему.

Present Perfect Simple и Present Perfect Continuous употребляются, когда мы говорим о чем-то, что началось в прошлом и продолжалось/продолжается до настоящего момента.

Не забывайте, что форма Continuous в любом времени ( Present, Past, Future ) всегда подчеркивает длительность действия, в то время как у Simple такой функции нет .

На русский язык такие предложения могут переводиться прошедшим или настоящим временем:

I have lived here since 2010.

Я живу / жил здесь с 2010.

I have been working on this project since Monday.

Я работаю/ работал над этим проектом с понедельника.

Perfect — это НЕ то же самое, что совершенный/несовершенный вид в русском, хотя часто при переводе Perfect может совпадать с совершенным видом

Как же выбрать между Perfect Simple и Perfect Continuous?

Если перед вами глагол состояния ( state verb) — нужен Present Perfect Simple

Глаголы типа be, prefer, like, know, own, have обычно не употребляются в Continuous , поэтому выбираем Present Perfect Simple . Подробнее про глаголы состояния можно почитать в моём посте, посвященном state verbs и action verbs .

I have known him for 3 years.

I have been knowing

Я знаю его 3 года.

She has always been a good friend.

She has always been being

Она всегда была хорошим другом.

I have always preferred red wine.

I have always been preferring

Я всегда предпочитал красное вино.

Бывает, что Present Perfect Simple и Present Perfect Continuous взаимозаменяемы

Это происходит, если перед нами глаголы, обозначающие длительное постоянное действие: work, live, study + for/since

I have worked here for 5 years = I have been working here for 5 years.

I have studied English for 10 years = I have been studying English for 5 years.

Когда есть разница между Simple и Continuous?

Нам важно показать длительность — Present Perfect Continuous

She’s been talking on the phone for 2 hours!

Она говорит по телефону уже 2 часа.

I’ve been waiting for you for 20 minutes!

Я тебя жду уже 20 минут!

По этой причине Present Perfect Continuous употребляется в вопросах с How long? (Как долго?) :

Как долго ты меня ждешь?

Как давно ты здесь сидишь?

Не забывайте, что с глаголами состояния мы употребляем Simple :

Действие началось в прошлом, закончилось к настоящему моменту, и нам важет результат — Present Perfect Simple

I have painted the walls green!

Я покрасил стены в зеленый. (Не важно, как долго это длилось, важно, что стены сейчас- зеленые )

He has eaten all the sweets!

Он съел все конфеты! ( Результат — конфет нет, и не важно, как долго он их ел )

По этой причине Present Perfect Simple часто употребляется в предложениях с yet и already (ещё, уже ) :

Я уже закончил книгу. ( уже + результат )

Я ещё не сделал домашнее задание.

Не забывайте, что если мы указываем конкретное время в прошлом : yesterday, a week ago, in 1990 и т.д. — нужно использовать Past Simple .

I have finished the book and now I want to start a new one.

I finished the book yesterday and went for a walk.

Давайте сравним больше примеров:

I have been cleaning the house for 2 hours and now I’m tired .

Я убирался дома 2 часа и очень устал. ( Важно, что процесс был долгим )

I have cleaned the house and now it’s clean .

Я убрался дома, и тепеь чисто. ( Важен результат )

We’ve been buying oranges there for years! ( Повторяющееся долгое время действие)

Мы покупаем там апельсины годами.

We’ve bought some oranges! ( Результат — у нас в сумке апельсины)

Мы купили апельсинов!

Как долго ты куришь? ( важна длительность процесса )

Сколько сигарет ты выкурил сегодня? ( важен результат )

Ну что же, я надеюсь, что вы разобрались с Present Perfect и Present Perfect Continuous . Теперь предлагаю вам проверить себя и перевести на английский следующие предложения (правильные ответы я выложу в комментариях ):

1. Я работал с утра и сейчас очень устал.

2. Я уже закончил работать и теперь могу посмотреть сериал.

3. Сколько чашек кофе ты уже выпил сегодня?

4. Как долго ты меня здесь ждешь?

5. Мы купили яблоки и теперь можем сделать пирог.

6. Она забрала все книги и теперь мне нечего читать.

Спасибо, что дочитали до конца!

Желаю успехов в изучении английского!

Ваш дзен-репетитор, Анастасия Кабалина

Upper-intermediate

jueves, 21 de febrero de 2008

Module 1

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS ( students’ book)

Exercises

1. Complete sentences using present perfect simple or continuous form of the verbs in the box, You may need to use negative or passive forms. (work book, unit 6, grammar, exercise 2)

1. For years tourists have been flocking to Europe to enjoy its many attractions.

2.Now travel agents have added a new and rather unexpected attraction to the list

3. For the last three years travel companies have been bringing chinese tourists to germany to experience the thrill of driving on its autobahns.

4. Tour operators have discovered that offering a Mercedes, Audi orBMW capable of 240 kilometresper hour to holiday markers

5. For the last few years the chinese economy has expanded rapidly and as a result there are plenty of chinese.

6. But this new form of tourism has not proved so popular with the locals.

7. German road safety groups have reacted negatively to the arrival of the chinese speed tourists.

8. Since they first started coming three years ago there have been no major accidents involving spedd tourists

2.write responses using the prompts and appropriate forms of the presente perfect and continuous. Add any other words that are necesary. (work book, unit 6, grammar, exercise 3 )

1. Can we go back to the car now? no/i/not pay / shopping /yet : no, I have not paid for the shopping yet

2. Why are the children soaking wet? they/swim /the lake: because They have been swimming in the lake

3. Have you tried that new french restaurant yet? no/never/go/there: no, I have never gone there

4. Michael looks tanned. yes/He/just/comeback/miami beach: yes, He has just come back from miami beach

5. Why aren`t you having any pudding? I/follow/strict diet/for/last two months: I have been followinf a strict diet for the last two moths

6.Shall I feed the cats? no/I/already/do/it: no, I have already done it

7. Is Maria still working on that report? yes/She/type/luchtime: yes, She has been typing since luchtime

8. You are a good teacher and you seem very experienced: yes/teach/karate/more than/ten years: yes, I have been teaching karate for more than ten years

9.You look exhausted. I/ wash/the floors/all afternoon: I have been washing the floors all afternoon

10. Do You still go to the tennis club? no/I/not be/member/2004: no, I havent been a member since 2004

3. complete the sentences by using the prompts in brackets. use the present perfect simple, present perfect continuous or past simple (student’s book, unit 6, grammar, exercise 7)

1. (You/go/eve) to a jungle?: have You ever gone to a jungle?

2. (You/decide) where to go for your next holiday?: have You decided where to go for your next holiday?

3.(You/study) how long________ english?: how long have You been studing english?

4. What do You want to do today that ( You/not do/yet): what do You want to do today that you haven’t done yet?

5. Where ___(You/do) for your last holiday? : where did You go for your last holiday?

6. How much coffee ___ (You/have/already) today?: how much coofee You have already had today?

7. ______ (You/have/ever) a bad insect bite?: have You ever had a bad insect bite?

8. Where __ (You/live) lived for the last year?: where have You lived for the last year?

4. Write sentences using the prompts. use the past simple, present perfect simple or continuous. (student’s book, unit 6, review and practice, exercise 2)

1. He/already/phone me/ three times today: He has already phoned me three times today

2. We/go/to india/three weeks last summer: We went to india for three weeks last summer

3. I/just/see/a really fantastic musical: I have just seen a really fantastic musical

4. You/hear/ the news/ yet? Have You heard the news, yet?

5. I/decorate/the living room/all day: I have been decorating the living room all day

6. I/know/ my best friend/primary school: I knew my best friend in primary school

7. You/eve/read/the lord of the rings books?: Have You ever read the lord of the rings books?

8. How long /You/study/english? how long have You studied english?

5. complete the text about Bono using past simple, present perfec and present perfect continuous forms of the verbs in brackets.(work book, unit 6, review and practice, exercise 2)

Bono has been a rock star for the last 25 years. But recently he has become famous for something completely different- his work for charity. Since 2004 Bono has been leading the fight against poverty in Africa, trying to get more people to understand that continent’s terrible problems of famine and disase. for several years now he has been appearing regularly on Tv shows and at international events, attempting to get the world’s media to pay attention to thid issue. he has had meetings with many world leaders an in 2005 he helped organise the live8 concerts in london and around the world. Bono lives in Dublin but spends much of his time travelling with his group , U2. Bono believes his position as an international celebrity has given him a unique opportunity to influence young people. he has visited Africa several times and these experiences have clearly influenced his political views. In 2003 Bono met Nelson Mandela in cape town and in july 2005 he spoke to world leaders at the G8 conference in scotland , helping to influence ther decisions on reducing africa’s debt. Critics sometimes say that Bono has only been doing this for the last few years to compensate for his group’s declining popularity. but with their letest CD high in the charts , this can hardly be the case.

QUESTIONS (students’ book)

• Direct questions: these can be a) yes /no question b) wh-question
• Subject questions: used when the question word (Who) refers to the subject of the sentences, in this case does not use the auxiliary verb
• Indirect questions: use when you want be polite, comun expresion are: can you tell me, could ask you what, do you know or i’d like to know, if and whether

Exercises

1. Correct the mistake in each question.

1. Where Y ou are living at the moment? : Where are You living at the moment?

2. H e has ever been trekking before?: Has He ever been trekking before?

3. Who did give You those lovely flowers?: Who gave You those lovely flowers?

4. What time Y ou be here tomorrow? : what time will You be here tomorrow?

5. You having a holiday soon?: Are You having a holiday soon? or Will You have a holiday soon?

6. When this company was started ? when did this company start?

2. change the question above into indirect question starting with the words given

1. Can you tell me where you car are?

2. Do you know when my birth day is ?

3. Can I ask you where my mother is ?

4. Can you tell me if you go to Colombia?

5. Do you know whether she called me?

6. I’d like to know how mexico is?

3. Match the questions and answer. then complete the questions with one word.

1. Have you had a holiday this year ? yes, I have a holiday thios year

2. Where did you go? I went to thailand

3. When did you go? I went last january

4. How did you get there? We flew via Dubai

5. Did you go on your own? no, I didn’t went on my own

6. Who went with you? I went with my boyfriend

7. How long did you go for? I was for three weeks

8. What was it like? It was fantastic

9. Was it expensive? Yes, It was expensive

10. Are you going to go again? yes, I am going to again probably

4. Put the words in the correct order to make questions

1. To was who talking she?: who was she talking to ?

2. If my do know you this seat is? : Do you know if this is my seat?

3. Much costs it can tell you me know? Can you tell me how much it costs?

4. They car where the did take? Where did they take the car?

5. Ask to the open could I you window?: Could I ask you to open the window?

6. The how you computer do turn off?: How do you turn off the computer?

7. Correct are the answer these?: Are these the correct answer?

8. Been how you here long have working?: how long have you been working here?

5. rewrite the direct question as indirect questions. Start with the words given

1. what’s you email address? Can you tell me what’s your email address?

2. Does graham Randall live here? could i ask you if Graham Randall lives here?

3. Is this the correct platform for the train to brighton? do you know if this is the correct platform for the train to brighton?

4.Which seats in the plane have the most legroom? I’d like to know which seats in the plane have got the most legroom

5. Is the doctor available now? can i ask you if the doctor is available now?

6. Where exactly does she live? can you explain me exactly where does she live?

7. How much do the tickets cost? do you know how much the tickets cost?

8. Who is in charge? would you tell me who is in charge?

MAKING COMPARISONS

1. Add er and est to form of comparatives and superlatives of:

• one syllable
• two syllable ending in Y

1. adjectives which end in a vowel a consonant doubling the consonant at the end before adding er or est.

2. adjectives which end in E is added R or ST

2.Add most or more to of comparatives and superlatives of:

• use to two or more syllable

1. The two-syllable adjectives ending in- Y the change Y only then i add terminations-er or-est

3. also use (not) as. as to make comparisons

4. irregular adjectives are: well/better/ best

Exercises

1. complete the second sentences so that it means the same as the first. use between two and four words (including the word in bold)

1. I find learning foreing languages far more difficult than my sister:

much: My sister learns foreing languages much easily than me

2. I’ d prefer to live somewhere drier than this.

wet: I’d prefer to live somewhere wetter than this

3. I’m a bit more adventurous now than I was ten years ago

slightly: ten years ago i was less slightly adventurous than I am now

4. At home my life was a lot more complicated than it is abroad

much: My life abroad is much easier than it was at home

5. I don’t think I planned my time on holiday carefully enough

carefully: I think I should have planned my time on holiday the most carefully

6. My lifestyle in Canada now is not better or worse tham it was in England

as: my lifestyle here in Canada is not as better or worse as it was in England

2. choose the correct alternatives

1. My suitcase is much / more heavier than yours

2.Tania got the worse / worst maths results in the whole class

3. The exam wasn’t as difficult than / as i’d expected

4. You are the most / more helpful person i know

5. You need to speak quite / quiet a lot louder than that

6. People are far more friendly / friendlier here tahn in my country

7. This one is a / the little more expensive than that one

8. Which actor is the better / best : Brad Pitt or Leonardo dicaprio

3. complete the newspaper article using appropiate comparative and superlative forms of the words in brackets. add any words that are necessary.

The ultimate thrill

With the lastest technological developments, new rollercoaster rides are much more exciting than ever before. But thrill seekers looking for the ultimate rollercoaster ride are now torn between two monster rides on opposite sides of the world. The biggest is Steel Dragon 2000 in Nagashima Spaland, a theme park in japan, about 200 miles west of Tokyo. The ride is over one and a half miles long, lasts four minutes and includes a 68 degree drop. At times rides reach speeds greater than 95 miles per hour. Costing 55 million, the ride is also the most expensive ever built. Steel Dragon 2000’s arch rival is the brand new kingda Ka ride at six flags great adventure park, near philadelphia, USA . It is not as long as its japanese competitor, but what it lacks in size it makes up for in speed and height. With riders travelling at up to 128 miles per hour ( 206 kilometres per hour) it is by far is faster than rollercoaster ride on earth. it is also the tallest, with a maximum height of 456 feet (139 metres). but at less than one minute, the ride is much shorter than the four minute experience of steel dragon 2000.

4. write six sentences about yourself using comparatives and superlatives. Four of the sentences should be true and two should be false.

1. Juan is taller than Luisa

2. Simon is the most beautiful

3. Carlos is more intelligent than Felipe

4. Grape is not as delicious as banana

5.Carolina is the fastest of the group

6. Pablo is the best of the class

Unit 7
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE